{"product_id":"fundamentals-of-visistadvaita-vedanta-study-based-on-vedanta-desika-s-tattva-mukta-kalapa-ide326","title":"Fundamentals of Visistadvaita Vedanta: A Study based on Vedanta Desika's Tattva-mukta-Kalapa","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Specification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003ctable\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eItem Code:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eIDE326\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/ar\/book-author\/s%20m%20srinivasa%20chari\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"S.M. Srinivasa Chari\"\u003eS.M. Srinivasa Chari\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/ar\/book-publisher\/motilal%20banarsidass%20publishers%20pvt%20ltd\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.\"\u003eMOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eEnglish\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eEdition:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e2016\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eISBN:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e9788120802667\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePages:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e442\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eCover:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eHardcover\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eOther Details\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-dimensions\"\u003e8.8\" X 5.8\"\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eWeight\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-weight\"\u003e700 gm\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"product-details-description\" style=\"max-height: 63rem; overflow-y: auto;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eFrom the Jacket:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The doctrine of Visistadvaita, expounded by Ramanuja, was developed into a sound system of philosophy by the most brilliant of his successors, Venkatanatha, 'popularly known as Vedanta Desika.' His chief contribution to the intellectual foundation of the system lay in the composition of the text of \u003ci\u003eTattva-mukta-kalapa,\u003c\/i\u003e a treatise of significant philosophical import left for posterity.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e In this volume, which is a study of Visistadvaita based on \u003ci\u003eTattva-mukta-kalapa,\u003c\/i\u003e the line of arguments advanced by Vedanta Desika is closely followed. The major and important issues related to the philosophy of Visistadvaita are brought within the purview of discussion. The contemporary rival schools represented by Carvakas, Buddhists and Jainas, Nayaya-Vaisesikas, Mimamsakas and the Advaitins, of both orthodox and unorthodox camps, are successfully encountered. In the textual light of \u003ci\u003eTattva-mukta-kalapa\u003c\/i\u003e, the notion that Visistadvaita is a theological system is dispelled, and its philosophic core is established beyond doubt.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The author maintains 'the original orthodox style, so characteristic of the ancient Acaryas', in his delineation of topics; yet the exposition remains free from all kinds of scholastic trappings.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The volume is a definitive study of Visistadvaita doctrine, both in their 'philosophical as well as theological aspects'. Its in-depth probe of 'the fundamental epistemological and philosophical issues common to all schools' both I the East and the West makes its appeal to those interested 'in understanding the basic problems of philosophy'.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAbout The Author:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e S. M. Srinivasa Chari (b. 1919, Mysore) has a brilliant academic record. He is an M. A. in Philosophy of the University of Mysore and recipient of Ph.D. from the University of Madras. He is a finished \u003ca href=\"\/ar\/book\/Hindu\/sanskrit\"\u003eSanskrit\u003c\/a\u003e scholar trained up by eminent traditional teachers. He was a research Scholar at the University of Madras and a Fellow of Institute of Philosophy at Amalner in Maharashtra.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Dr. Chari joined the Ministry of Education, Government of India, after the completion of his university career. He retired in 1976 as Joint Educational Adviser.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Dr. Chari has traveled widely. He has participated in international conferences abroad, and addressed learned assemblies at University Centres on aspects of Indian philosophy and religion. He is author of \u003ci\u003eAdvaita and Visistadvaita \u003c\/i\u003eand \u003ci\u003eVaisnavism\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003cb\u003eForeword\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Visistadvaita is one of the great religio-philosophical systems of the world. There are very few modern critical expositions of it based on the bhasya, supplement by later erudite works. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Dr. Srinivasa Chari has acquired quite a profound knowledge of Visistadvaita from great pundits with whom he studied for years the texts in original. His modern education has endowed him with the capacity to present classical ideas in a lucid and connected way. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Depending on the original texts, in particular on Vedanta Desika's Tattva-mukta-kalapa, Dr. Chari has written an excellent monograph which authoritatively expounds Visistadvaita. Moreover, it attempts to establish that this a system of philosophy in conformity with logic and experience. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003cb\u003ePreface\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e This Book attempts to present in a systematic way the fundamental doctrines of Visistadvaita Vedanta associated with Sri Ramanuja based on the study of Tattva-mukta-kalapa, the magnum opus of Sri Vedanta Desika, who was one of the most distinguished successors of Ramanuja. Although in recent years quite a few books have been written in English on the philosophy and religion of Ramanuja, Visistadvaita as a sound system of philosophy has not received the treatment it deserves. The emphasis placed by Ramanuja on the acceptance of savisesa Brahman or the personal Supreme Being endowed with attributes as the ultimate Reality of philosophy on the strength of the scriptural evidence has led some scholars to feel that Ramanuja's system is essentially theological.Theology, understood in the correct sense as an enquiry into the nature of God, is no doubt an important part of Visistadvaita, even as it is in the case of many other Indian philosophical systems. But the Visistadvaita system has both a philosophical as well as theological aspect, and the former is of greater importance for the reason that it gives meaning and value to the latter. The meta- physical doctrines, developed by the Visistadvaitin on the basis of which the system is founded, cannot be understood easily unless one has made a deep study of ancient treatises in the original. Next to the Sri-bhiifYa of Ramanuja, there are two out- standing philosophical classics, Tattva-mukta-kalapa and Satadusani, written by Vedanta Desika. A study of these texts is an essential prerequisite for getting a deeper insight into Visistadvaita tenets. But these are highly technical works written in terse Sanskrit and presented in the classical style replete with subtleties of dialectical arguments. The two texts have therefore remained beyond the approach of ordinary scholars and modern students of philosophy. It is significant that, barring passing references to the works, an authentic translation of them has not been attempted in any European language. Even among the existing scholars, brought up strictly in the traditional disciplines of scholarship, there are very few who can claim to have studied them fully. Realising the importance of these two treatises for a fuller understanding of Visistadvaita, I published in 1961 a book, Advaita and Visistadvaita, covering a study of Satadusani, which is an important polemical work. I have now attempted to cover Tattva-mukta-kalapa, the other important classic, in the present book. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The main objective of this task is to remove a prevalent impression that Visistadvaita is primarily theology and establish that it is essentially a system of philosophy. I t is a system which has been developed, apart from an appeal to scriptural authority, on the basis of well-formulated epistemological, ontological, cosmological and religious doctrines. If there is a single authentic work in which this fact has been demonstrated, it is in Tattva-mukta-kalapa of Vedanta Desika. The scope of this book is not confined to an exposition of Tattva-mukta-kalapa. Nor is it aimed merely at presenting a narrative account of Visistadvaita philosophy and religion. On the basis of the rich material contained in the original Sanskrit text, I have endeavoured to present a critical and comparative account of the basic doctrines of Visistadvaita in their logical sequence. In discussing these doctrines, I have paid greater attention to the underlying issues in order to bring out their philosophic significance. I have therefore avoided, to the extent possible, appeal to scriptural authority. I have also tried to present the doctrines in their original orthodox style, so characteristic of the ancient Acaryas, and therefore refrained from temptations to use the familiar concepts of western philosophy by way of comparison, because this can often prove misleading. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e So far as I am aware, it is for the first time that an attempt is being made to present in English the Visistadvaita doctrines comprehensively on the basis of this authoritative text. Anyone interested in an in-depth study of Visistadvaita Vedanta will find this book invaluable. The doctrines discussed in the book are related to the fundamental epistemological and philosophical issues, which are common to all schools of philosophic thought whether in the East or the West. The book will therefore be useful to a ll those who are interested in understanding the basic problems of philosophy. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e In a work of this type it is difficult to avoid the use of technical terms in Sanskrit. I have however tried to minimise their use.Wherever I have adopted the Sanskrit words in the body of the text for want of an appropriate English equivalent, I have given the nearest English equivalent. Wherever I have used English terms, I have also given in bracket the Sanskrit words to avoid possible misunderstanding. Sanskrit quotations used in the body of the book have also been explained in English. Except the commonly used words, all Sanskrit words have been diacritically marked. I have also given a glossary of the Sanskrit terms. I have taken special pains to express the highly technical subject matter in as simple and lucid manner as possible, so that even lay readers should have little difficulty in understanding the book. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e In the preparation of this book I have confined my study mainly to the original Sanskrit works on Visistadvaita, drawing material primarily from Vedanta Desikas Tattva-mukta-kalapa and the commentaries thereon, Satadusani, Nyaya-siddhanjana and Nyaya-parisuddhi as well as Ramanuja's Sri-bhasya along with Sruta-prakasika. The other books consulted are indicated in footnotes. I have also consulted the leading scholars in South India on Vedanta in an attempt to make this book as authoritative a version of the Visistadvaita doctrines as possible. I hope the book will be a useful contribution to the study of philosophy in general and Vedanta in particular. It is with great pleasure that I record my obligations. I must first pay my respects to my revered guru, the late Sri Gostipuram Sowmyanarayanacharyaswami (1878-1943), under whose feet I had the rare privilege and fortune of studying Vedanta in the traditional manner. But for his initiation into the essentials of the Visistadva ita philosophy and his blessings it would have been impossible for me to accomplish the study of Satadilta1Ji and Tattva-mukta-kalapa. I also owe my success in the present undertaking to another guru, the late Sri Madhurantakam Veeraraghavacharyaswami (1900-83) under whom I studied the original text. I am deeply indebted to both these Acaryas.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e I should also pay my respects to His Holiness Abhinava Ranganatha Brahmatantra Parakalaswami (1884-1966) whose blessings received in my early age have enabled me to understand Visi~tadvaita philosophy. Though I could not study directly under him, I have had the opportunity of receiving considerable knowledge and benefit in the preparation of the present book from three of his learned disciples-Sri Saragur Varadachar, Sri K. S. Varadachar and Sri E. S. Varadachar, As a token of my gratitude to them and also in recognition of the unique contribution made to Visistadvaita Vedanta by H.H. Parakalaswami by his scholarly commentaries on Sri-bhasya and Tattva-mukta-kalapa, I respectfully dedicate the book to him.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e I owe a debt of gratitude to Prof. S. Srinivasaraghavan who was kind enough to go through the entire manuscript and offer valued criticism and helpful suggestions. I am also grateful to my esteemed friends, Prof. L. V. Rajagopal and Sri S. Srinivasachar, who have read through the entire typescript and made useful suggestions for improvement. I should also thank Prof. S. s, Raghavachar, Dr. N. S. Anantharangachar, Sri K. S. Krishna Tatachar and Sri A. Srinivasaraghavan who looked through a portion of the typescript and offered useful comments. Prof. T. R. V. Murti, who recently passed away, went through the typescript and came out with a number of valuable suggestions. I express my indebtedness to the departed soul. My thanks are due to all those who have helped me in one way or other .and, in particular, to my wife without whose loving co-operation. I would not have been able to complete this book. I should also express my grateful thanks to the esteemed Professor K. Satchidananda Murty for evincing keen interest in my work and for graciously writing the Foreword. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eCONTENTS\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ctable\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e \u003ci\u003eForeword\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e vii\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003ePreface\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e ix\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eScheme of Transliteration\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e xvii\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eList of Abbreviation\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e xix\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e INTRODUCTION\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 1\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Meaning of the Term Visistadvaita 1; Development of Visistadvaita as a Ssystem of Philosophy 2; Vedanta Desika and Visistadvaita 5; Tattva-Mukta-Kalpa as a Philosophical Treatise 7; Nature and Scope of Tattva-Mukta-Kalpa 9; Substance of Tattva-Mukta-Kalpa 12; Central Theme of Tattva-Mukta-Kalpa 15; Scope of the Present Book 16 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter One\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e FUNDAMENTAL METAPHYSICAL CATEGORIES\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 22\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Definition and Classification of Categories 22; The Concept of Substance and Attribute 26; Visistadvaita View 26; Criticism of Buddhist view Denying Substance 28; Criticism of Advaitin's Theory of Difference as Illusory 32; Criticism of Bhaskara's Theory of Bhedabheda 35; Criticism of the Jaina Theory of Anekanta 38; The Concept of Relation 42; Nayaa-Vaisesika Theory of Samavaya 42; Visistadvaita Theory of Aprthak-siddhi 43; The Concept of Body-Soul Relation 47; The Concept of Cause and Effect 52; Ontological Implication of Causality 52; Criticism of Carvaka View of Causality 54; Criticism of Advaitin's Theory of Causality 55; Criticism of Nyaya-Vaisesika Theory of Cause and effect 59; Criticism of the Sankhya Theory of Cause and Effect 61; Criticism of the Buddhist Doctrine of Momentariness 63; Conclusion 72 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Two\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e PRAMANAS AND THEIR VALIDITY\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 73\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Perception 74; Nature and Content of Pratyaksa 74; Advaitin's Theory of Nirvikalpaka Pratyaksa 75; Criticism of Buddhist Theory of Savikalpaka Pratyaka 78; Criticism of Bhartrhari's Theory of Sabda-dhyasa 80; The Theory of Supernormal Perception 82; Inference 84; Anumana as a valid and an Independent Pramana 84; Method of Estabishing Logical Concomitance 87; Type of Syllogism 88; The Components of syllogism 90; Logical Fallacies 91; Rules Governing the Logical Argument 92; Rules Regulating Philosophic Debate 94; Verbal Testimony 96; Sabda as a Valid and Independent Pramana 96; Authoritativeness of the Veda 99; \u003ca href=\"\/ar\/article\/Vedas\"\u003eVedas\u003c\/a\u003e and Agamas of Other Schools 104; Authoritativeness of Smrtis and Puranas 105; Authoritativeness of Pancaratra Agama 106; Other Pramanas 107; Smrti 107; Upamana 109; Arthapatti 111; Anupalabdhi 111; Relative validity of Pramanas 113 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Three\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e LOGICAL IMPORT OF WORDS AND SENTENCES\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 116\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Criticism of \u003ca href=\"\/ar\/book\/Philosophy\/mimamsa\"\u003eMimamsa\u003c\/a\u003e Theory 117; Connotation and Denotation of Words 121; Criticism of Sphotavada 126; Buddhist Theory of Vakyrtha 128; Function of Words in Sentence 129; Import of Samanadhikarana-vakya 131; Import of Kaksana-vakya 137 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Four\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 140\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Knowledge as n Attribute of Jiva 140; knowledge as Self-Luminous 142; Knowledge as Eternal 147; Knowledge as Substance 150; The Theory of Transcendental Knowledge 153 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Five\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e KNOWLEDGE AND EXTERNAL WORLD\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 158\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Subject-Object Relation 159; Theory of Visistadvaita 160; Criticism of Yogacara Buddhist Theory of Knowledge 161; Criticism of Sautranttka Buddhist Theory of Knowledge 167; Criticism of the Theory of Madhyamika Buddhist 169; Theory of Truth and Error 171; Criticism of Buddhist Theories of Error 173; Criticism of Advaitin's Theory of Error 175; Theory of Satkhyati 176; Theory of Akhyati 179; Criticism of the Theory of Anyathakhyati 180; Self-Validity of Knowledge 183 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Six\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 187\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e THE DOCTRINE OF JIVA\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Jiva as Different form Body and Mind 188; Jiva as the Subject of Knowledge 191; Jiva as Self-Lumious 193; Jiva as Eternal 195; Jiva as Karta and Bhokta 197; Theory of Free-Will and Determinism 201; Plurality of the Individual Selves 203; Criticism of Ekajivavada 205; Jiva as Anu 207; Criticism of Jaina Theory of Jiva 208; Criticism of Nyaya Theory of Jiva as Vibhu 209; Jiva and Brahman 212 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Seven\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 216\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Proofs for the Existence of God 217; Criticism of Nyaya Arguments for Existence of God 219; The Nature of Ultimate Reality 223; The Theory of Nirguna Brahman 229; God and His Attributes 232; Material Causality of Brahman 242; Criticism of Yadavaprakasa Theory 243; Criticism of Bhaskara's Theory 245; Criticism of Vivartavada 245; Visistadvaita Theory of Brahman as Material Cause of Universe 246 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Eight\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e BRAHMAN AND UNIVERSE\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 251\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Criticism of the Doctrine of Avidya 252; Criticism of the Theory of Universe as Illusory 260; Universe as an Integral Part of Brahman 271 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Nine\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e SADHANA ANDMUKTI\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 277\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Eligibility of Jiva for Moksa 277; \u003ca href=\"\/ar\/article\/bhakti_sutras\"\u003eBhakti\u003c\/a\u003e as the Means to Moksa 280; Theories of Jnana as the Means to Moksa 287; Place of \u003ca href=\"\/ar\/article\/karma\"\u003eKarma\u003c\/a\u003e in the Spiritual Discipline 295; Karma and Upasana 300; Removal of Punya and Papa by Upasana 302; Path to Moksa 306; The Nature of Mukti 307; Criticism of Other Theories of Mukti 310; Criticism of the Theory of Jivan-Mukti 314 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Ten\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e PRAKRTI AND ITS EVOLUTES\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 317\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Nature and Order of Evolution 317; Theory of Pancikarana 321; Criticism of Sankhya and Naiyayika Theories of Evolution 323; Nature of the Sense Organs 324; Theory of Space (Akasa) 328; Nature of Other Elements 331; The Element of Vayu 331; The Element of Agni 334; The Element of Prithivi 335; The Theory of Time (Kala) 337; The Doctrine of Nitya-Vibhuti 340 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Eleven\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTES\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 344\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Visistadvaita Theory of Attributes 344; Attributes of Cosmic Matter 344; Attributes of the Five Elements 345; Sakti as an Attribute of Causal Substances 350; Samyoga as Relation 351; Nayaya-Vaisesika Theory of Attributes 353; Material Attribute 354; Mental Attributes 361; Ethical Attributes 365; Other Categories 369; Nayaya Theory of Karma 369; Nyaya Theory of Samanya 371; Visistadvaita Concept of Jati 373; The Concept of Visesa 377; The Concept of Abhava 378 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter Twleve\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e GENERAL ESTIMATE AND CONCLUSION \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 382\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eGlossary\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 401\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eBibliography\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 415\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eIndex\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 417\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/tbody\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"red\"\u003eSample Pages\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326a.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326b.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326c.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326d.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326e.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326f.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326g.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326h.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326i.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326j.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326k.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326l.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326m.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326n.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326o.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326p.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326q.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326r.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326s.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/ide326t.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Occultnthings","offers":[{"title":"Default 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