{"product_id":"law-of-evidence-in-ancient-india-old-and-rare-book-nah105","title":"The Law of Evidence in Ancient India (An Old and Rare Book)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Specification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003ctable\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eItem Code:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eNAH105\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/ar\/book-author\/shraddhakar%20supakar\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Shraddhakar Supakar\"\u003eShraddhakar Supakar\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/ar\/book-publisher\/punthi%20pustak\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"PUNTHI PUSTAK\"\u003ePUNTHI PUSTAK\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eEnglish\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eEdition:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e1990\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eISBN:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e8185094242\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePages:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e322\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eCover:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eHardcover\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eOther Details\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-dimensions\"\u003e8.5 inch x 5.5 inch\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eWeight\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-weight\"\u003e380 gm\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"product-details-description\" style=\"max-height: 63rem; overflow-y: auto;\"\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\" align=\"center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAbout the Book\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe book is a critical study of the law of evidence in ancient India from the days of Gautama and other ancient lawgivers and the centuries. It is a branch of legal as well as social history of India.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe book is divided into six chapters beginning with the problem of proof where problems like burden of proof and modes of proof where problems like burden of proof and modes of proof are dealt with. This is followed by a chapter on witness where admissibility of evidence and competency (or want \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ethere of\u003c\/span\u003e) of witness are dealt with analytically. Production and examination of witnesses in court is also elaborated perjury, contumacy and other problems are also discussed. The next chapter deals with public and private documents, their evidentiary values, forgery, old documents and other problem, possession and ownership are the subject matters of the next chapter ordeals and special oaths are discussed in the fifth chapter. The concluding chapter analyses the materials discussed in the earlier chapter to find out if the law of evidence in ancient India could ensure justice.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eA comparison of the law in ancient India with Roman law.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e The Muslim law mediaeval British law and modern law \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003ehas\u003c\/span\u003e also been made wherever such comparison has been found relevant.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe author is grateful to \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eHonourable\u003c\/span\u003e Sri \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eGati-krushna\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMisra\u003c\/span\u003e, Retired Chief Justice of Orissa High Court for his foreword to the book.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\" align=\"center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAbout the Author\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDr. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eShraddhakar\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSupakar\u003c\/span\u003e, M.A., LL.M., Ph.D., \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSahityacharya\u003c\/span\u003e was formerly. The Dean of the faculty of law \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSambalpur\u003c\/span\u003e University, Orissa. Born in \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSambalpur\u003c\/span\u003e town in 1914, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003ethe\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e began\u003c\/span\u003e practice as a lawyer, after a brilliant academic career. He was elected to the Orissa Legislative Assembly in 1949, 1952 and 1985. He was a member of \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eLok\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSabha\u003c\/span\u003e in 1957-62 and 1965-67. He has been associated with the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eUtkal\u003c\/span\u003e the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSambalpur\u003c\/span\u003e and the Sri \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eJagannath\u003c\/span\u003e Sanskrit Universities for a long period as a member of senates and the syndicates. He taught law in the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eLajpatrai\u003c\/span\u003e Law College from 1971 to 1975 and later joined as the principal of the above law college and worked from 1976 to 1978. He worked as a vice chancellor of Sri \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eJagannath\u003c\/span\u003e Sanskrit \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVisvavidyalaya\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePuri\u003c\/span\u003e in 1983. He was also a member of the Official Languages (Legislative) Commission, Government of India, New Delhi (1975-76). His field of specialization is family law.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\" align=\"center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eForeword\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDr. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eShraddhakar\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSupakar\u003c\/span\u003e needs no introduction. He is a prodigious scholar in diverse subjects\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eSanskrit, Mathematics, English literature and Law. He has \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eutilised\u003c\/span\u003e his deep knowledge in Sanskrit language to study the Law of evidence as prevalent in ancient India which was \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eennunciated\u003c\/span\u003e by great thinkers and jurists like Manu, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eYajnavalkya\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eNarad\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eBrihaspati\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eK\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003etya\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey\u003c\/span\u003ean\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eand \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVyasa\u003c\/span\u003e: to name a few. With the evolution of society, social\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003epolitical and economic thoughts and philosophy changed. Law is always \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003emoulded\u003c\/span\u003e commensurate with the changing needs of a dynamic society. Some of the Laws of evidence prevalent in ancient India may appear to us as archaic and sometimes inhuman; yet many of the modem concepts of the Law of evidence were identical and similar to those as existed in ancient Ind\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThings must be judged in their own context in relation to the prevalent conditions of a particular society.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDr. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSupakar\u003c\/span\u003e has made a valuable contribution to the knowl\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eg\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee of Law by giving a clear analysis and comparative history of the old and the new. By going through this treatise, my own \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ek\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003enowl\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eg\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee of Law has been enriched and I have no doubt\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ethat \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003estu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ent\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eof L\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eaw a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003end History \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ew\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eld find \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et ver\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003einteresting and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003etruc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eive.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\" align=\"center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eIntroduction\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e1\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eWhen I began my studies for a doctoral degree in law\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI conceiv\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed the idea of a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003earatively obsc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ere and virgi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en f\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eield of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eTh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAdjective L\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ew i\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAnci\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ent India\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. Wh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en I submitted the syno\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003esis to the Univers\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ety for the \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003eapproval\u003c\/span\u003e of the concerned authoritie\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es, s\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eom\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eof th\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003elearn\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed member\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003enot f\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003emiliar with le\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eg\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eal jar\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eg\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eon\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es, we\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eintri\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eg\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ethe use of the t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003erm \"Adjective\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAs I proc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ew\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eith th\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eas\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ek of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ew\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eriting out the thesis\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI found\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eto m\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eismay, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eat the f\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eeld of resea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003erch \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eis \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003etoo \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ew\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eand too amb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003etiou\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, I, th\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003efo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003econc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ent\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003era\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed m\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ettention on the limit\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eubject of \"Th\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eLaw o\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eProc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003edur\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ein\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAnci\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ent India\".\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e Later on\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI r\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003evi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eed the synopsis \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003end resubmitted it on the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003efores\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eid subj\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ect and fin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ell\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003esubmitt\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed my th\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003esi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eon \"The Law of Procedure in A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ecient India\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. It was bulk\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eenoug\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003efor a thesis. A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es eve\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en Dr. K\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ehad \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eot d\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ealt wi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh the proc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003edural Law of th\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003emasas\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003etr\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e i\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eny d\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eai\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003el\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eug\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eht it \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eworth while\u003c\/span\u003e writing \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eook o\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en th\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ebj\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ect\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003em n\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eju\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003edge \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003erit of that b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eook\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ePer\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee ex\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eamin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eer\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es we\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ere sa\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eti\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003efi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed with the merit as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ewel\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003el \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eas \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eulk o\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef th\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ehes\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003end con\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eed m\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee not un\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ew\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eorth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey of the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eeg\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eee o\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ect\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e3. Whi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003el\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee studyi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eg the law o\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef p\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eroce\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003edu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ere i\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003enci\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ent India \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ein some de\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ehad t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003estu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003el\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eaw of ev\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eid\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003enc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee i\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003enc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eien\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et In\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003edia\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eat \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es also a goo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003end pr\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eub\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ejec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eor \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003est\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eud\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. Not \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003emuch work ha\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ebeen done on that subject\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI found a referen\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee to a book on this su\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ebj\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ect b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey Dr. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eAmareswa\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eak\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eur\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eom the Hi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003etor\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eof \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eDh\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003ermasas\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et\u003c\/span\u003era\u003c\/span\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI h\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eave not t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee goo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003efo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003etune \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef studyin\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eg \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ehe \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eH\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eLaw of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eE\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003evi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003enc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\"\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ewr\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ete\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en b\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDr\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eha\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ekur\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, The \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eook is out of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003epri\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ent since \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003el\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eong. But I am very fortunate i\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003emaking a study of the so\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003erce materials of the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003erm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003easast\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eas\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ethe \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDharmasast\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eas\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ec\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eommentators,\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ehave fo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003emed \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ey \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ew\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ejudgment \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003efr\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eom \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eese so\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003erce \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eateria\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003el\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eOth\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er h\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003endicap\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es a\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ethe \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003egreat \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eis\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003etanc\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es of the place\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eof big libraries like Calcutta, Delhi, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eP\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eoone\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eBombay and Madr\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eTh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eef\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eor\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI hav\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003enot quot\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ed as\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ema\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eny\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e l\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003earned authors as I should have liked to do, and have g\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003even my own o\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eservat\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eons and i\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eter\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eretations o\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ethe field \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003emy study and research. I am certain of one remark, which I may make here. Not much work has been done on this subject \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e(\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eof my study in recent times. In subjects like constitution and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ecommercial law, important and learned books are published in appreciable number not only in India but also in other countries as well. But unfortunately for us in India, not much research work on the rich mine of \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eDharmasastric\u003c\/span\u003e law is undertaken.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e4. The reason is not far to seek\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eLegal History of India which the students of law (and also the advocates and judges) in India have to study begins with the year 1600 A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eD., as if there was no law in this country prior to that date. It cannot \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ebe denied that law existed in this country from the dawn of Aryan Civilization. Whether that law conforms to the definition of law by eminent jurists like Austin, is another matter. But it certainly had the same force in India for \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003emilenia\u003c\/span\u003e in the same sense as Roman law had its force in Roman empire and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eher colonies, not only during the heydays of Roman glory but even centuries after the fall of the Roman empire, Roman law \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ewas taught as a subject of study in law colleges in India some \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003edecades ago. It is still studied in postgraduate law classes. Why \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eis it still a subject for study in Britain and other countries? To meet the objection that a knowledge of Roman law is of no use at all in the legal profession, Professor Sherman \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003esaid :\u003c\/span\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\"It is based on the assumption that because the Roman state and tribunals persisted centuries ago, therefore Roman law itself also has long been dead. \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003eNow this conception of the fate \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003eof Roman law is historically inaccurate and false.\u003c\/span\u003e The spirit \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e'\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eof Roman law did not die\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eon the contrary it is still very much alive in our midst. (Moreover it was the majestic and beneficial Roman law, which more than any other single element brought civilization back to Europe, following the barbaric deluge of \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003edark age\u003c\/span\u003e\").\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e5. This remark of Prof\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eSherman applies mutatis mutandis to the possible objection that \"\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003ea knowledge\u003c\/span\u003e of ancient law of India is of no use at all in the legal studies in modern India\".\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e6. Sir H. S. Maine \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003esays :\u003c\/span\u003e \"Hindu law has the oldest pedigree of any known system \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eof \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ejurisprudence and even now it shows no sign of \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003edecreptitude\u003c\/span\u003e. At this age, it governs races of men extending from Cashmere to \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003ecape\u003c\/span\u003e Comorin, who agree in nothing else except their sub-\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003emission to it\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eNo time or trouble can be wasted, which is spent in i\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003evestigating the origi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eand develo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ement of such a system and the cause of its i\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003efluence\"\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eTh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eerefore, a study of t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee law of Evidence i\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eancient India is also \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eworth while\u003c\/span\u003e.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e7. There is not enough material for the social history of India\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003edian History, as we know it, consists mostly of the political history of India. Kings and their kingdoms, rise and fall of dynasties, wars and their consequences have been dealt with in most history \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eb\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eooks\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAbo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003et t\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee great religious reformers, poets, philosophers and saints some mention is made. The \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003epuranas\u003c\/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ekavyas\u003c\/span\u003e deal with gods and kings, their loves and heroism. But how did the common man live? How did the society function? The social history of India, of which the history of law is only a branch, has not been adequately dealt with by historians and scholars\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e8. The study of legal history of ancient India gives us some insight of the social system\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eIt deals with the common man, the \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003elitigants\u003c\/span\u003e crimes and pu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eishment, the system of espionage, the law of gamblers, thieves, prostitutes, slaves, artisans and even tells of a valid partnership among thieves and robbers. There is a happy blend of the ideal and the real in the law \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003elaid\u003c\/span\u003e down by the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSmritis\u003c\/span\u003e and the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eArthasastra\u003c\/span\u003e. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003eKautilya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e deals with, not merely the legal, but also the social and economic problems of his days.\u003c\/span\u003e Ambassadors and spies, royal dancers and prostitutes, saints and beggars, black-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003emarketeers\u003c\/span\u003e and gamblers, magicians, judges, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ewashermen\u003c\/span\u003e, weavers\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003egoldsmiths, the problems of slaves and their manumission, sanitation of towns and villages, have been dealt with by the lawgivers. Not enough has been written about them, because not adequate att\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ent\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eon has as yet been paid to the social and legal history of India\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eLaw does not operate in a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003evaccum\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ebut is related to and functions in the society in which it is applied. Therefore, it is necessary to give a bird's eye view of the social system in which it operated.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eSociety in ancient India was divided into four \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003evarnas\u003c\/span\u003e and several \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eJatis\u003c\/span\u003e (or mixed \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003evarnas\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e) ,\u003c\/span\u003e or castes, and four \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eAsh\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003eamas\u003c\/span\u003e or orders of life. The law is different for different \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003evarnas\u003c\/span\u003e and different\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eAsh\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003eamas\u003c\/span\u003e. Men and women \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ef \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ehiglie\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eva\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003enas\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e enjoyed\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e' \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ecertain \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ep\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003erivileges. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eT\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003es, f\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eo\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003er \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eexa\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003em\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003epl\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ee, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ea \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003esh\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003erota\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e (a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eB\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003era\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ehm\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eana\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eversed in the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003evedas\u003c\/span\u003e) was exempted from appearing in a court \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eas a witness. The oaths and ordeals administered to him were different from the forms of oaths and the nature of ordeals administered to a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003ekshatriya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVaishya\u003c\/span\u003e or \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSudra\u003c\/span\u003e. The weight attached to his oral evidence in court was greater\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThese privileges were granted to a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmana\u003c\/span\u003e on the assumption that he could be learned and busy in sacrifice, or teaching the sacred \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003elores\u003c\/span\u003e. But when a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmana\u003c\/span\u003e took to the occupation of a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ecowhered\u003c\/span\u003e, merchant, or servant, he could not claim the same privilege as an ideal \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmana\u003c\/span\u003e, However, in course of time, the privilege of caste by birth was granted by the courts.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e9. In awarding punishment or coming to a judgment, the castes of the complainant (or the plaintiff), and that of the accused (or the defendant), and the subject matter of the transaction were very relevant and important. Thus the theft of gold of a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmana\u003c\/span\u003e was a more serious offence than the theft of gold of any other man. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eA \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eBrahmana\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e assaulting a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eShudra\u003c\/span\u003e got off with light punishment whereas a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eShudra\u003c\/span\u003e assaulting a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmana\u003c\/span\u003e was punished very \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eseverly\u003c\/span\u003e. Killing prostitute was a light offence, but killing a learned \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmana\u003c\/span\u003e was a serious offence, as well as a great sin.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e10. Though Buddhism and Jainism led to a protest against the privileges of higher castes, no Buddhist or \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eJaina\u003c\/span\u003e lawgiver provided any alternative to the system of law laid do\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ew\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003en in the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eDharmasastras\u003c\/span\u003e.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e11\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe sources of law, according to ancient scriptures, were: (a) the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eShruti\u003c\/span\u003e or the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003evedas\u003c\/span\u003e, (b) the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003esmritis\u003c\/span\u003e or the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eDharmasutras\u003c\/span\u003e and the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eDharmasastras\u003c\/span\u003e, and (c) \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSadachara\u003c\/span\u003e (literally the conduct of good people) or custom. Manu says that besides \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eshruti\u003c\/span\u003e, the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003esmritis\u003c\/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003esadachara\u003c\/span\u003e, what is agreeable to oneself is also a source of Dharma. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eYajnavalkya\u003c\/span\u003e adds a fifth source, namely, desire born out of due deliberations.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e12. Veda, the word of God is of unquestionable authority, which every political sovereign is most imperatively enjoined to obey and enforce as law. However, there is not much of positive law in\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eshruti\u003c\/span\u003e. Reference to the matters dealing with the law of evidence in \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eshruti\u003c\/span\u003e has been made in some places in the different chapters of this book.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"red\"\u003e**Sample Pages**\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105a.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105b.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105c.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105d.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105e.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105f.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105g.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105h.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105i.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105j.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105k.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/www.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/\" nah105l.webp\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Occultnthings","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44621115457837,"sku":"NAH105","price":39.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/2094\/2117\/products\/nah105.jpg?v=1677777090","url":"https:\/\/occultnthings.com\/ar\/products\/law-of-evidence-in-ancient-india-old-and-rare-book-nah105","provider":"Occult-N-Things","version":"1.0","type":"link"}