Geoscientific Studies for The Conservation of Ajanta Caves

Ajanta is a World Heritage Site. Its artistic wealth and serenity leave a lasting impression on our imagination. It is unique because of its outstanding artistic creations. The rock-cut caves of Buddhist affiliation are dated between c. 2nd century BC and 6th century AD. It is a pride possession of mankind and a treasure of the Archaeological Surveys of India (ASI). The side is beset with many geological and environment problems. The caves have been excavated in Deccan basalt which was formed 60 million years ago. During the long geological time the natural process of weathering has been active at the site. This has induced many geological hazards including unstable slope and seepage. As such it was decided to organize a comprehensive geological study of and the Geological Survey of India (GSI) was engaged in 1998. The GSI carried out Multidisciplinary Geoscientific studies of the cave complex. Various studies like topographic survey, seismic studies and environment appraisal were carried out within and outside the caves.

The GSI came out with an excellent report in 2001 on the studies it carried out at Ajanta. It contained various thematic maps, complete documentation of geotechnical issues and identification of geoenvironmental hazards. Various measures were suggested like repairing and water proofing of the existing drains on the slopes over the caves, construction of contour drainage at selected places and diversion of collected water through connecting drains. Measures have been suggestions to mitigate the degradation of the environment around the caves. These suggestions have already been implemented by the Archaeological Survey of India. Suggestions have already been implemented by the Archaeological Survey of India. Certain suggested measures like shotcreting and rock bolting of facades have not yet been implemented since they involve many other aspects on which a holistic approach is to be taken.

For the first time in the country such a comprehensive geological study of an ancient monument has been carried out. For this uphill task, the Ministry of Mines, Government of India, has awarded ‘National Mineral Award’ to the GSI team. The ASI has commissioned similar studies at seven other archaeological sites within the states of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh – the reports of which are also to be published for dissemination of knowledge amongst the professionals and people interested in such information. The Ajanta report is first among the seven reports. I am grateful to the colleagues in the Geological Surveys of India for undertaking such a painstaking exercise. The result of their hard work is now available in print.