Three Statesmen - Gokhale, Gandhi, and Nehru

In an exploration of three charismatic leaders, B.R. Nanda- one of India’s foremost historians of the freedom movement- makes a comparative study of their backgrounds, temperaments, and ideologies. He analyses in detail how they differed significantly in manner and style but shared a common vision of the unity and freedom of India. Followed by the introduction, in three separate works, Nanda examines the lives of these three leaders in relation to their eras. These, therefore, are both biographies and histories of critical times- relating personalities to periods and leaders to the societies they lived in. The volume focuses on the inter-relationship between their ideas and methods and how these remain relevant today. The past, says Nanda, as seen through the lives of Gokhale, Gandhi and Nehru, informs the present and has many lessons for India and the world today.

B.R. NANDA (1917-2010), Founder and former Director of the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, was a leading historian of modern India.

‘B.R. Nanda’s biographical writing have added a new dimension of understanding to the lives and works of three great Indian patriots.’

I am glad that three of my books on Gokhale, Gandhi, and Nehru are being published in the omnibus edition. Gokhale, the eldest of the trio, was born in 1866, and Jawaharlal Nehru, the youngest, died in 1964. Thus, the three of them together spanned an eventful century of modern India history. Their relationship with each other, and impact on the India nationalist movement, is sketched briefly in the introduction to this volume and, of course, at these length in the books.

As the author of these three biographical studies, I would like to say that I am basically a historian who has used biography not only for the recreation of the lives of these outstanding figures, but also for recreating an important epoch in Indian history. For me, as a biographer, both the man and the period were equally important; the period needed to be explored in depth to provide the political and social context, but the personality had also to stand out. In these books I wanted to understand how they tried to space events and how the events shaped them; history was treated not just as a backdrop; but as an essential part of the unfolding drama of their lives. Such an approach, difficult as it was, seemed to me to me feasible, because I was writing on men who had been sucked into politics at an early age, were in the centre of the national stage, and whose personal lives completely merged into, and were almost submerged by, their public lives.

While writing these biographies I had to cope with an enormous amount of published and unpublished material. I, therefore, resorted to a combination of chronological and thematic modes; this was especially so in the books on Gandhi and Gokhale. In the book on Nehru, the arrangement was roughly chronological, but the treatment mainly thematic, so that I could engage more deeply with various aspects of Nehru’s life, thought, and political career.

Few men in their lifetime aroused stronger emotions or touched deeper chords of humanity than Gandhi. ‘Generations to come, it may be,’ wrote Einstein of Gandhi in July 1944, ‘will scarcely believe that such a one as this ever in flesh and blood walked upon this earth.’ While millions venerated Gandhi as the Mahatma, the great soul, his political opponents saw in him only an astute politician. Not until 1946-7, when the transfer of power enabled them in their minds to disengage Mr Gandhi the man from Mr Gandhi the arch-rebel, where the Britsh able to see him in a gentler light. And it was his tragic death which finally convined his Pakistani detractors that his humanity encompassed and transcended his loyalty to Hinduism.

It is not easy to write the life-story of a man who made such a strong impact on his contemporaries. Yet it is important that the image of Gandhi does not become that of a divinity in the Hindu pantheon, but remains that of a man who schooled himself in self-discipline, who made of his life a continual process of growth, who shaped his environment as much as he was shaped by it, and who tenaciously adhered to certain values to which civilized humanity pays lip-service while flouting them in practice.

Though the arrangement of his biography is necessarily chronological, I have attempted at appropriated points to analyse Gandhi’s attitude to important issues. The background of Indian nationalism, the Indian political scene when Gandhi returned from South Africa, his religious evolution, the transformation in his mode of life and acquisition of new values, his ethics, economics, and political movements, his attitude to war and un-touchability-all these have been treated in separate chapters. This combination of the chronological and the analytical methods has facilitated the discussion in a single volume of Gandhi’s long and many-sided life in some detail, and the correlation of the story of his life with the evolution of his ideas. Gandhi was no theorist; his principles evolved in response to his own needs, and the environment in which he found himself. In fact, it is as difficult to assess the events of his life without understanding the ideas which inspired him, as it is to interpret his ideas on religion, morals, politics, or economics without reference to the context of his own life.

I know how hard it is for one who has lived through the last forty years to be completely objective about the events of which Gandhi was the centre, but in assessing and reassessing events and personalities, it has been my endeavour to understand and to interpret in the historical perspective, rather than to uphold or to condemn. How far I have succeeded in this endeavour it is for the reader to judge.

I am grateful to the Government of India and the Director of the National Archives for permission to examine and use material from contemporary records, which have enabled me to present, for the first time I believe, a two-dimensional story of Gandhi’s relations with the government,. Any account of Gandhi’s struggles which is wholly, or even largely based on official sources is, however , apt to be lopsided. I have therefore used these sources only to illuminate some of the obscurer spots, and to see events in their proper perspective.

For assistance given to me in the preparation of this book my thanks are due to the Gandhi Memorial Mehta; to Mr Girja Kumar, Librarian, and his assistants in the Indian Council of World Affairs Library; and to the staff of the Central Secretariat Library.

I am grateful to Mr V. K. Krishna Menon, Mr Pyarelal and Kaka Seheb Kalelker, who were good enough to discuss and elucidate certain points. Among those who evinced keen interest in the progress of this book I must mention Mr Devadas Gandhi, who unfortunately did not live to see it; and Mr N. C. Chaudhuri, Mr K. P. Mushran and Mr M. K. Kaul gave me much encouragement.

Mr B. N. Khosla read the entire book in manuscript and made useful suggestions. I alone, however, bear responsibility for the views expressed in the book and for its shortcomings .

I am indebted to my wife for her encouragements and patience during the long hours of silence in which this book was composed.

Introduction

The three statesmen, Gandhi, Gokhale, and Nehru, had much in common. They were all drawn into public life at a yough age. They were charismatic leaders who made a significant contribution to the Indian freedom movement. Notwithstanding differences in their social background, temperaments and world views, they worked together for a common cause and gave to their country two successive fruitful political partnerships-between Gandhi and Gokhale and between Gandhi and Nehru.

Gandhi’s first meeting with Gokhale took place in Calcutta in November 1896. ‘Love at first sight’, this was how he described it in his autobiography. Gokhale was a little older than Gandhi, but this was not the only reason for the obvious respect, almost reverence, with which Gandhi treated him from the beginning. In 1896 Gandhi was only twenty-seven and Gokhale thirty. While Gandhi was a little-known lawyer and leader of the small Indian minority in distant South Africa, Gokhale was a prominent educationist, editor, and politician in the centre of provincial and national politics in India. The very first letter written by Gandhi after meeting Gokhale shows that he had cheerfully accepted the role of a disciple. He sought Gokhale’s cooperation in raising the problems of Indians overseas in the Imperial Legislative Council at Calcutta and in the House of Commons, if ’the Indian enterprise outside India was not to come to nought.’ Thus began a life- long friendship which was cherished by both, and gave much needed moral support to Gandhi in his twenty years’ long struggle against racial discrimination in South Africa. Five years later, in January 1902, while addressing a public meeting in Albert Hall in Calcutta, Gokhale paid a tribute to Gandhi’s work in South Africa and his ‘ability, earnestness and tact and also his manner, at once so gentle and yet so firm.’ Gokhale went on to say that Gandhi was ‘made of the stuff of which heroes were made; if he settled in this country [India] it was the duty of all earnest workers to place him, where he deserved to be, at their head.’ Gokhale’s admiration for Gandhi grew with the years. In 1909, at a public meeting in Bombay held to protest against the treatment of Indians in South Africa, Gokhale spoke of the ‘indomitable Gandhi, a man of tremendous spiritual power, one who is made of the stuff of whish martyrs are made.’

With hindsight it seems that one of Gokhale’s greatest services to his country was his prescience in recognizing Gandhi’s potential and in mobilizing the support of Indian opinion and the sympathy of the Viceroy and the Government of India in the last phase of Gandhi’s satyagraha campaign which paved the way for Gandhi-Smuts agreement in 1914. But for this agreement , Gandhi may have been bogged down in a hopeless struggle in South Africa, and his return to India would have been indefinitely delayed, with incalculable consequences for him and for the future of the Indian struggle for freedom.

The Gokhale-Gandhi partnership ended with Gokhale’s untimely death in February 1915 soon after Gandhi returned to India. The Gandhi-Nehru partnership was to last longer; it began in 1919 and ended only with Gandhi’s assassination in 1948. Though divided by twenty years of age intellectual and temperament differences, Gandhi and Nehru developed bonds of mutual respect and affection. Their differences occasionally subjected their political partnership to severe strains, but they were never pressed to the breaking point, much to the disappointment of the British authorities. We get a glimpse of the British view of the Gandhi-Nehru partnership in a letter written on 13th February 1938 by an American journalist, Francis Gunther, to Jawaharlal Nehru after a meeting with the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow:

Contents

	Praface	vii
	Introduction to the Omnibus	ix
	Gokhale
	The India Moderates and the British Raj
BOOK I:	FORMATIVE YEARS
1	Early Life
2	Ferment in Maharshtra
3	Emergence of the Educated Elite
4	The Indian Jesuits
5	Apprenticed to Ranade
6	The Yough Politician
7	Professor Gokhale
8	On the Congress Platfrom
9	The Great Split
10	The Rising Star
11	Ecilpsed
12	The Clouds Life
13	Triumph
BOOK II:	SPOKESMAN FOR THE MODERATES
14	Gokhale Comes of Age
15	Wanted, A Leader
16	Servant of India
17	Clash with Curzon
18	Envoy Extraordinary
19	Congress President
20	Advocate for India
BOOK III:	CONFRONTATIONS, WITHIN AND WITHOUT
21	Morely's Dilemma
22	The Extermist Challenge
23	The Widending Rift
24	Crisis in the Raj
25	Road to Surat
26	Refroms on the Anvil
27	Climax
28	Origins of Muslim Separatism
29	Gokhale and the Communal Problem
30	Separate Electorates
31	Anticlimax
32	A House Divided Against Itself
33	Détente
34	Leader of the Opposition
35	Educating the Masses
BOOK IV:	THE LAST PHASE
36	Educating the British
37	Gandhi and Gokhale
38	Crisis in South Africa
39	The Last Battle
40	No Reunion
41	Last Days
42	'The Greatest Indian'
43	The End of an Era;
	Bibliography;
	Index.
	Mahatma Gandhi (A Biography)
1	Preface
2	Childhood
3	Off to England
4	Briefless Barrister
5	A Fateful Journey
6	Plunge into Politics
7	Lynuched
8	Stones for Bread
9	The Religious Quest
10	Transformation
11	Discovery of Satyagraha
12	First Satyagraha Movement
13	Second Round
14	Final Phase
15	A Hero on Probation
16	Indian Nationalim
17	Splendid Isolation
18	Shadow of Amritsar
19	Road to Rebellion
20	Swaraj within a year
21	Climax
22	Anticlimax?
23	Councils and Communities
24	From the Bottom Up
25	The Rising Tempo
26	Year of Grace
27	Civil Disbobedience
28	Truce
29	The Round Table Conference
30	Total War
31	Harijans
32	Rural Economics
33	Congress in Office
34	The Genesis of Pakistan
35	India and the War
36	The Widening Rift
37	Quit India
38	No Defeat
39	The Coming of Independence
40	Quenching the Flames
	Victory of the Vanquished;
	Epilogue;
	Index.
	Jawaharlal Nehru (Rebel and Statesman)
1	The Young Nationalist
2	The Triumvirirate: Gandhi, Motilal, and Jawaharlal
3	Gandhi and Jawaharlal
4	Playing for High Stakes
5	Nehru and Bose
6	Nehru and Religious
7	JawaharlalNehru and the Partition of India
8	Azad, Nehru, and Partition
9	Nehru and Socialism
10	Letters to Chief Ministers
11	Economic Planning
12	Nehru and Non-Alignment
13	Nehru and the British
14	Nehru as a Man of Letters
15	The Autobiography
16	An Overview;
	Index.

Sample Pages