{"product_id":"ancient-geography-of-india-idd872","title":"The Ancient Geography of India","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Specification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003ctable\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eItem Code:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eIDD872\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/es\/book-author\/alexander%20cunningham\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Alexander Cunningham\"\u003eAlexander Cunningham\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/es\/book-publisher\/munshiram%20manoharlal%20publishers%20pvt%20ltd\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"MUNSHIRAM MANOHARLAL PUBLISHERS PVT LTD\"\u003eMUNSHIRAM MANOHARLAL PUBLISHERS PVT LTD\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eEnglish\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eEdition:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e2016\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eISBN:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e9788121510646\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePages:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e842 (with 14 Maps)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eCover:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eHardcover\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eOther Details\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-dimensions\"\u003e9.0 inch X 6.0 inch\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eWeight\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-weight\"\u003e1 kg\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"product-details-description\" style=\"max-height: 63rem; overflow-y: auto;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreface to the New Edition:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The late Sir Alexander Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India is the standard treatise on the subject, and is an indispensable hand-book for those who are interested in Indian antiquities. Though it is over fifty years that it was published, and so naturally some portions have become to some extent antiquated in the light of more recent knowledge, it has not yet been superseded, and still remains indispensable. Unfortunately it has lone been out of print, and students of Ancient Indian History have thus been put to great difficulties. When therefore the Publishers, after securing the very kind permission of Lt. Col. A. J. C. Cunningham, R.E., son of the later Sir Alexander, to bring out a new edition of this work, invited me to undertake the work of revision, I accepted the offer very gladly, though I knew full well the great difficulty and responsibility of the task.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The text in the present edition is exactly the same as in the original edition. But it has not been found possible to keep the paging identical. For the convenience, however, of those who wish to localize any references to the original edition, the original paging has also been given within brackets, in the table of Contents and Notes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e I have tried, in my Introduction and Notes, to supplement Cunningham's text by the most up-to-date information available to me which could be gleaned from the latest researches on the subject. And I venture to hope that with the help of these supplementary notes, the student will be accurately posted in the subject. As the space at my disposal is very short, I have been compelled to use in these Notes a very concise style, almost reminiscent of Sutra literature and to refrain from pointing out mere slips of pen, exploded theories of Chronology (\u003ci\u003ee.g.\u003c\/i\u003e Imperial Guptas flourishing in the first or second century A.D.), etc. which could be easily detected.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e As to the spelling of Classical words, I have followed M'Crindle and Schoff; and in the matter of Chinese names I have followed Watters. In the transliteration of \u003ca href=\"\/es\/book\/Hindu\/sanskrit\"\u003eSanskrit\u003c\/a\u003e and Pali words, I have to offer an apology. The use of proper diacritical marks to indicate cerebrals, palatals, etc. has had to be abandoned due to the exigencies of the Press; but I have tried to minimize this inconvenience by giving, within brackets, the words in Sanskrit letters, in my Introduction and Notes.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e I have tried to indicate as a rule my sources by giving full references; and my thanks are due to all those from whom such help has been obtained. But I think I ought specially to mention my indebtedness to Mr. Pargiter for the majority of my references to Epic and Puranic literature.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e I feel I shall be failing in my duty if I do not close this short preface on a more personal note. To the inspiration of two men I owe all the work that I have been able to do in the domain of Ancient Indian History – Mahamahopadhyaya Haraprasad Sastri and the late Sir Ashutosh Mukhopadhyaya. Mahamahopadhyaya Sastri is my \u003ci\u003eGuru\u003c\/i\u003e in the field of Indology ; and it was the patronage and encouragement of the late Sir Ashutosh which enabled me to carry on the research-work the results of which are embodied here. My most heart-felt thanks are due to them both. And I am only sorry that Sir Ashutosh has not lived to see the completion of this work.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e My own, and also the Publisher's thanks are due to Lt. Col. A. J. C. Cunningham R.E., the worthy son of our author, for his kind permission to the Publishers to bring out an up-to-date and revised edition of this standard treatise of his illustrious father.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eIntroduction:\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e1. Pioneers in this field of research.\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 1. \u003ci\u003eMr. Francis Wilford Engineer.\u003c\/i\u003e– \"A learned and laborious, but injudicious writer\" (Wilson's \u003ci\u003eHindu Theatre,\u003c\/i\u003e 1.9). His essays–on Egypt and the Nile from the Ancient Books of the Hindus; the Sacred Islands in the West ; etc. (\u003ci\u003eAsiatic Researches\u003c\/i\u003e III, IX, XIV); the Comparative Geography of India (published posthumously in 1851). His great merit was to point out the existence of Sanskrit sources of geography. His account of the Nile from Sanskrit sources enabled Lieut. J. H. Speke to discover its source. (Speke's \u003ci\u003eDiscovery of the Source of the Nile,\u003c\/i\u003e chaps. I. V, X).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e 2. \u003ci\u003eH. H. Wilson.\u003c\/i\u003e–In 1824 he contributed to the \u003ci\u003eOriental Magazine\u003c\/i\u003e (Vol. II, p. 180) an article in which he described a Skr. Ms. Professing to be a section of the \u003ci\u003eBhabishya Purana\u003c\/i\u003e which elucidates the local geography of Bengal. In his translation of the \u003ci\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/es\/article\/vishnu\"\u003eVishnu\u003c\/a\u003e Purana\u003c\/i\u003e he commented on the Puranic geography. His \u003ci\u003eNotes on the Indica of Ctesias\u003c\/i\u003e was published in 1836 (Oxford). The geographical portion of his \u003ci\u003eAriana Antiqua\u003c\/i\u003e (London, 1841)–an account of the coins and antiquities discovered by Mr. Masson during his travels in Afghanistan–is full and valuable.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e 3. \u003ci\u003eChristian Lassen\u003c\/i\u003e–the encyclopedic Indologist.–\u003ci\u003e(a) His Pentapotamia Indica\u003c\/i\u003e (1827) gives an account of the Punjab from the \"classical\" sources and form the \u003ci\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/es\/book\/Hindu\/mahabharata\"\u003eMahabharata\u003c\/a\u003e,\u003c\/i\u003e the \u003ci\u003eKoshas\u003c\/i\u003e and other Skr. Sources. \u003ci\u003e(b)\u003c\/i\u003e In the geographical section of his \u003ci\u003eIndische Alterthumskunde\u003c\/i\u003e (Born, 1843)–the very learned and exhaustive work on the antiquities of India–he described the physical features of India and gave (especially in the footnotes) whatever information he could collect from classical and Skr. sources. Though \"his system of identification is based on a wrong principle\" (M' Crindle's \u003ci\u003ePtolemy,\u003c\/i\u003e Preface, p. vii) and hence many of his identifications are wrong (Pargiter in J.A.S.B., p. 250), these works of erudition are 'precious mines of materials' utilized by later scholars.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e 4. \u003ci\u003eVivien de Saint-Martin,\u003c\/i\u003e the father of the geography of Ancient India.–\u003ci\u003e(a)\u003c\/i\u003e His \u003ci\u003eEtude sur la geographie et les populations primitives du Nord-ouest de I'Inde d'apres les Hymnes Vediques\u003c\/i\u003e (Paris, 1860) is the sole work on Vedic geography. Its treatment is masterly in the extreme. But as he relied solely on M. Langlois's French translation of the \u003ci\u003eRigveda\u003c\/i\u003e- \"a version which does not seem altogether to have commended itself to later interpreters\" (E. Thomas in J. R. A. S., 1883, p. 358)–and as much Vedic research has been done since that time, it is necessary to revise this \u003ci\u003eEtude.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e In his \u003ci\u003e(b) Etude sur la geographie Grecque et Latine de I'Inde, et en particulier sur I'Inde de Ptolemie\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003e(c) Memoire Analytique sur la carte de I'Asie centrale et de I'Inde\u003c\/i\u003e (appended to Vol. III of M. Julien's translation of Hwen Thsang, 1858), he critically examined the classical and the Chinese sources. \"His identifications have been made with so much care and success that few places have escaped his research and most of these have escaped only because the imperfection or want of fullness in the maps of India rendered actual identifications quite impossible\" (Cunningham's \u003ci\u003eA.S.R.,\u003c\/i\u003e II, Preface, p. 85).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e 5. \u003ci\u003eSir Alexander Cunningham,\u003c\/i\u003e the father of Indian archaeology. A son of Allan Cunningham the poet, he came to India as a \"Royal Engineer.\" The influence of Prinsep–\"the decipherer of the early Indian Alphabets\"–made him fix his eyes on the antiquities of this country. In 1861 he applied to Lord Canning to sanction an \"archaeological survey\" which he justly showed in his letter to be the only means for the reconstruction of an account of Ancient India. He was appointed the Archaeological Surveyor in January 1862 ; but as after a few years the post was abolished, he went home and produced \u003ci\u003eThe Ancient Geography of India,\u003c\/i\u003e Vol. I (1871). In it he gave a summary of the results of V. de St. Martin and Lassen \u003ci\u003erevised\u003c\/i\u003e and corrected in light of his own researches and discoveries due chiefly to his \u003ci\u003evast travels\u003c\/i\u003e in this country–an advantage which the earlier writers did not possess. Thus he brought to a focus the then accumulated knowledge into a single \u003ci\u003eEnglish\u003c\/i\u003e volume which is still the work to which every student of this subject has to refer to. But it must be borne in mind that–\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e(a) Cunningham (following St. Martin and Julien) gave in most cases the proposed \u003ci\u003erestorations\u003c\/i\u003e of foreign sounds as the Skr. names. Though nothing more than this could have \u003ci\u003ethen\u003c\/i\u003e been possible, it is clear that such restoration of a Greek, Latin or Chinese transcript of an India proper name could not always be identical with the original one. Hence one ought to search for the original names from Indian sources and there is no doubt that they would eventually be found out. Thus Panini furnishes \u003ci\u003eKapisi\u003c\/i\u003e (IV. 2. 99), \u003ci\u003eSankala\u003c\/i\u003e (IV. 2. 75), \u003ci\u003e \u003ci\u003eVarnu\u003c\/i\u003e (IV. 2. 103; IV. 3. 93), \u003ci\u003eParvata\u003c\/i\u003e (IV. 2. 143), etc.–the Skr. forms of Kapisene, Sangala, Fa-la-na, Po-lo-fo-ta, etc. [\u003ci\u003eI.A.\u003c\/i\u003e Vol. I, p. 21]. Kasika supplies Ayomukhi (A-ye-mu-ka'). Rajatarangini mentions \u003ci\u003eUdabhandapura.\u003c\/i\u003e (Wu-to-ka-han-cha). \u003ci\u003eVinaya Texts\u003c\/i\u003e (ii, 38) and \u003ci\u003eJataka\u003c\/i\u003e (iv, 30) supply \u003ci\u003eKajangala\u003c\/i\u003e (Cunningham's \u003ci\u003eKajughira\u003c\/i\u003e). Inscription No. 14 of \u003ci\u003eE.I.\u003c\/i\u003e VI shows that the Skr. form of Kong-yu-to is \u003ci\u003eKongoda\u003c\/i\u003e and not Konyodha as given by Cunningham.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e(b)\u003c\/i\u003e In utilizing the accounts of Fa Hian and Hwen Thsang-undoubtedly his chief sources-he took 6 \u003ci\u003eli\u003c\/i\u003e of Hwen Thsang as one mile and one \u003ci\u003eyojana\u003c\/i\u003e of Fa Hian to be 6.75 miles. But later researches have shed much light on this subject causing a scrutinization of his work.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e(c)\u003c\/i\u003e Cunningham usually says that Hwen Thsang made mistakes when his evidence is not in accord with what he (Cunningham) wishes to prove. It is very easy to say that Hwen Thsang meant East when he wrote West, or that instead of a thousand he meant a hundred. But one must not do this without any strong proof.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e(d)\u003c\/i\u003e He estimated Ptolemy's geography to be of much value (His Preface, p. vii). But it will be shown to be otherwise.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e(e)\u003c\/i\u003e Cunningham himself has, in his voluminous reports (\u003ci\u003eA.S.R.\u003c\/i\u003e) in 23 volumes (the first two only of which were written, though not published, before the publication of his Geography), embodying his researches occupying a period of more than a quarter of a century, abandoned many of the identifications stated in his Geography. And the researches of various other scholars–M'Crindle, Stein, Raverty, Foucher, Fleet, V. Smith, Watters, to name only a few of them)–have shown that not only are many of his identifications doubtful but that some are positively wrong.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e6. \u003ci\u003eH. Yule.\u003c\/i\u003e - His annotations on Marco Polo and his map of Ancient India from classical sources in Dr. Smith's \u003ci\u003eAtlas of Ancient Geography\u003c\/i\u003e (1875) are valuable.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e7. \u003ci\u003eDr. M'Crindle,\u003c\/i\u003e the translator of Megasthenes, Arrian, Strabo, Periplus, Ptolemy, and other classical writers on India, gave, in his geographical notes a summary of the conclusions of the above writers.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e8. \u003ci\u003eMr. Pargiter.\u003c\/i\u003e - His \u003ci\u003eGeography of Rama's Exile\u003c\/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003eJ.R.A.S.,\u003c\/i\u003e 1894). \u003ci\u003eEastern Indian Nations\u003c\/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003eJ.A.S.B.,\u003c\/i\u003e 1895), Eng. translation of \u003ci\u003eMarkandeya Purana\u003c\/i\u003e (Published by the Asiatic Society, Bengal), \u003ci\u003eNations at the time of the Great War\u003c\/i\u003e (\u003ci\u003eJ.R.A.S.,\u003c\/i\u003e 1908), and Ancient Indian Historical Traditions (Oxford, 1922) have elucidated Epic and Puranic Geography.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e9. \u003ci\u003eNandalal Dey's Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India.\u003c\/i\u003e (A dictionary and not a systematic treatise. Grounds of identifications and references are generally not given). A second edition of it is in course of publication as an appendix to Indian Antiquary.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e10. \u003ci\u003eProf. F. Pulle's\u003c\/i\u003e Cartography of India in the \u003ci\u003eStudi Italiani di Filologia Indo-Iranica,\u003c\/i\u003e Vols. IV \u0026amp; V. is a valuable contribution.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout the Book\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe Ancient Geography of India\u003c\/i\u003e by Alexander Cunningham is a standard treatise on the subject, and is an indispensable handbook for those who are interested in Indian Antiquities. First published in 1871, and so naturally some portions have become to some portions have become to some extent antiquated in the light of more recent knowledge. However it has not been superseded and still remains indispensable. \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eThe present edition has been edited and supplemented with the new introduction and notes by Surendrnath Majumdar Sastri.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eAbout the Author \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eSir Alexander Cunningham (1814-1893) was the first Archaeological Surveyor to the Government of India (1861-1865), the department was abolished in 1865, but revived in 1870, with Cunningham as Director, he held the post until he retired in 1885. \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eApart from his official reports of his annual tours and his occasional contribution to the Asiatic Society of Bengal, he wrote on \u003ci\u003eLadakh; The Bhilsa Topes; The Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period; Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarm, \u003c\/i\u003evol. I \u003ci\u003eInscriptions of Ashoka; The Stupa of Bharhut; The Book of India Eras; Mahabodhi; Coins of Ancient India; Later Indo-Scythians; Coins of Mediaeval India; Coins of Indo-Scythian Saka and Kush; Coins of Alexander's Successors in the East.\u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003e\u003cb\u003eContents\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003ePREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION\u003cbr\u003e INTRODUCTION \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003ePIONEERS IN THIS FIELD OF RESEARCH\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eSOURCES OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT INDIA\u003cbr\u003e FOREIGN:\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e \u003cul\u003e (1) Classical (Hecatoeus, Herodotus, Ktesias, Alexander's Historians, Megasthenes, Eratpsthenes, Strabo, Plinym Periplus, Ptolemy)\u003cbr\u003e (2) Early Christian (Cosmos, Indicopleustes)\u003cbr\u003e (3) Arabic\u003cbr\u003e (4) Chinese \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eA CRITICAL ESTIMATE OF INDIGENOUS SOURCES\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e \u003col type=\"I\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eLITERARY SOURCE \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e \u003cul\u003e Veda\u003cbr\u003e Dharmasutras\u003cbr\u003e (Why the Punjab was excluded from the \"Land of the Aryans\" of the Sutras?)\u003cbr\u003e Manu Samhita\u003cbr\u003e Buddhist Literature\u003cbr\u003e Panini and his commentators\u003cbr\u003e Ramayana and the Mahabharata\u003cbr\u003e Puranas\u003cbr\u003e Bhuvana-kosha\u003cbr\u003e Mahatmyas\u003cbr\u003e Geographical works in Sanskrit\u003cbr\u003e Works on Poetics\u003cbr\u003e Vatsyayana Sutra\u003cbr\u003e Rajatarangini and the Charita-Kavyas\u003cbr\u003e Ordinary Literary works\u003cbr\u003e Kurmavibhaga \u003c\/ul\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eTRADITIONAL\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eARCHAEOLOGICAL \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eA SUMMARY BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR\u003cbr\u003e LIST OF WORKS\u003cbr\u003e ORIGINAL TITLE PAGE\u003cbr\u003e DEDICATION\u003cbr\u003e PREFACE TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION\u003cbr\u003e General Description\u003cbr\u003e NORTHERN INDIA\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e \u003col type=\"I\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eKAOFU, OR AFGANISTAN\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eKapisene, or Opian\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKarsana, or Tetragonis, or Begram\u003cbr\u003e Other cities of Kapisene \u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eKophene, or Kabul \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eArachosia or Ghazni \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eLamghan \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eNagarahara, or Jalalabad \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eGandhara, or Parashawar\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003ePushkalavati, or Peukelaotis\u003cbr\u003e Varusha, or Paladheri\u003cbr\u003e Utakhanda, or Embolim (Ohind)\u003cbr\u003e Salatura,or Lahor\u003cbr\u003e Aornos, or Ranigat\u003cbr\u003e Parashawar, or Peshawar \u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eUdyana, or Swat \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eBolor, or Balti \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eFalana, or Banu \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eOpokien, or Afghanistan (Loi, or Roh)\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eKASHMIR\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eKashmir (Province) \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eUrasa \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eTaxila, or Takshasila\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eManikyala\u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eSinghapura, or Ketas \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003ePunacha, or Punach \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eRajapuri, or Rajaori\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eHill-states of the Panjab\u003cbr\u003e Jalandhara\u003cbr\u003e Champa, or Chamba\u003cbr\u003e Kullu\u003cbr\u003e Mandi and Sukhet\u003cbr\u003e Nurpur, or Pathaniya\u003cbr\u003e Satadru\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eTAKI or PANJAB\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003e\u003ci\u003eTaki, or Nothern Panjab\u003cbr\u003e Jobnathnagar, or Bhira\u003cbr\u003e Bukephala, or Jalalpur\u003cbr\u003e Nikoea, or Mong\u003cbr\u003e Gujarat\u003cbr\u003e Sakala, or Sangala\u003cbr\u003e Taki, or Asarur\u003cbr\u003e Ran-si, or Nara-Sinha\u003cbr\u003e Ambakapi, or Amakatis\u003cbr\u003e Lohawar, or Lahor\u003cbr\u003e Kusawar, or Kasur\u003cbr\u003e Chinapati, or Pati\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003eShorkot, or Middle Panjab\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eShorkot\u003cbr\u003e Kot Kamalia\u003cbr\u003e Harapa\u003cbr\u003e Akbar\u003cbr\u003e Satgarha\u003cbr\u003e Depalpur\u003cbr\u003e Ajudhan, or Pakpatan\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003eMultan, or Southern Panjab\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eTulamba\u003cbr\u003e Atari\u003cbr\u003e Multan\u003cbr\u003e Kahror\u003cbr\u003e Uchh \u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003ci\u003eWESTERN INDIA \u003c\/i\u003e \u003col type=\"I\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003eSINDH\u003c\/i\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003eUpper Sindh\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMassance and Sodrce, or Sogdi\u003cbr\u003e Musikani, Alor\u003cbr\u003e Prcesti, Portikanus, or Oxykanus \u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003eMiddle Sindh\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSindomana, or Sehwan\u003cbr\u003e Brahmana, or Brahmanabad \u003c\/i\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003eLower Sindh, or Lar\u003cbr\u003e \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003ci\u003ePatala, or Nirankit\u003cbr\u003e Jarak\u003cbr\u003e Minnagar, Manhabari, or Thatha\u003cbr\u003e Bcrbarike Emporium\u003cbr\u003e Debal Sindh, or Debal \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kachh\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eDistricts to the west of the Indus\u003cbr\u003e Arabii, or Arabitce\u003cbr\u003e Oritce, or Horitce \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e GURJJARA\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e VALABHADRA, OR BALABHI \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e Balabhi\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Surashtra\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Bharoch, or Barygaza\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e CENTERAL INDIA \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e Sthaneswara\u003cbr\u003e Pehoa, or Prithudaka\u003cbr\u003e Amin\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Bairat\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Srughna\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Madawar\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMayapura, or Haridwar\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Brahmapura\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Govisana, or Kashipur\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Ahichhatra\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Piloshana\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Sankisa\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Mathura\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eVrindavana\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kanoj\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Ayuto\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Hayamukha\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Prayaga\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kosambi\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kusapura\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Visakha, Saketa, orAjudhya\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Sravasti\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kapila\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eRamagrama\u003cbr\u003e River Anoma\u003cbr\u003e Pippalavana\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kusinagara\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eKhukhundo, Kahaon\u003cbr\u003e Pawa, or Padraona \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Varanasi, orBanaras\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Garjjapatipura\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Vaisal\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Vriji\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Nepala\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Magadha\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eBuddha Gaya\u003cbr\u003e Kukkutapada\u003cbr\u003e Kusagarapura\u003cbr\u003e Rajagriha\u003cbr\u003e Nalanda\u003cbr\u003e Indra-sila Guha\u003cbr\u003e Bihar \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Hirnya Parvata\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Champa\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kankjol\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Paundra Varddhana\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Jajhoti\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eMahoba\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Maheswarapura\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Ujain\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Malva\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kheda\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Anandapura\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Vadri, or Eder\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e EASTERN INDIA \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kamarupa\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Samatata\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Tamralipti\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kirana-Suvarna\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Odra, or Orissa\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Ganjam\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e SOUTHERN INDIA \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kalinga\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kosala\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Andhra\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Donakakotta\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Choliya, or Jorya\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Dravida\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Malakuta, or Madura\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Konkana\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Maharashtra\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e CEYLON \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e APPENDIX\u003c\/center\u003e \u003col type=\"A\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e Approximate Chronology of Hwen Thsang's Travels\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Measure of Distance, \u003ci\u003eYojana, Li, Krosa\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Correction of Error in Ptolemy's Eastern Longitudes \u003cp\u003e NOTES\u003cbr\u003e APPENDIX I (Puranic nine divisions of Greater India)\u003cbr\u003e APPENDIX II (Abbreviations used in the notes)\u003cbr\u003e INDEX\u003cbr\u003e INDEX TO NOTES\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"red\"\u003eSample Pages\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872a.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872b.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872c.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872d.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872e.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872f.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872g.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872h.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872i.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872j.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872k.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872l.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872m.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872n.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872o.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872p.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872q.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872r.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872s.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872t.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872u.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872v.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872w.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872x.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872y.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/idd872z.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Occultnthings","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44613170135341,"sku":"IDD872","price":82.3,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/2094\/2117\/products\/the_ancient_geography_of_india_idd872.jpg?v=1677707348","url":"https:\/\/occultnthings.com\/es\/products\/ancient-geography-of-india-idd872","provider":"Occult-N-Things","version":"1.0","type":"link"}