{"product_id":"art-of-war-in-medieval-india-idd911","title":"The Art of War in Medieval India","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Specification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003ctable\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eItem Code:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eIDD911\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/es\/book-author\/jagadish%20narayan%20sarkar\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Jagadish Narayan Sarkar\"\u003eJagadish Narayan Sarkar\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/es\/book-publisher\/munshiram%20manoharlal%20publishers%20pvt%20ltd\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.\"\u003eMunshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eEnglish\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eEdition:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e1984\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePages:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e421 (B \u0026amp; W Illus: 17, Maps: 2)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eCover:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eHardcover\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eOther Details\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-dimensions\"\u003e9.5\" X 6.5\"\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eWeight\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-weight\"\u003e690 gm\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"product-details-description\" style=\"max-height: 63rem; overflow-y: auto;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eAbout the Book:\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Numerous books haven been written on the Art and Science of War in the West, But a comprehensive and critical study of the subject in India through the ages is still a desideratum. That it is not only of absorbing interest but highly instructive admits of no doubt. True, there exist a few valuable works on Indian Warfare, none has exclusively dealt with the art of war in medieval period during the millennium from the 8th to the 18th century. Hence \u003ci\u003eThe Art of War in Medieval India\u003c\/i\u003e is a pioneer work on the field, being comparative and analytical survey of Rajput, Turko-Afghan, Mughal, Maratha, Sikh and ahom systems of war on the basis of critical studies of all relevant sources, Indian and Islamic and in the background of the military classics of ancient China and of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, of Clausewitz and Jomini. The present work is also a maiden effort to assail the skepticism prevailing in some quarters that the art had not flowered in ancient and Medieval India as in European countries. The author has skilfully shown that many principles of war strategy and operational tactics known in Europe were also not unknown in Indian. Greater emphasis has been given to what the author considers to be the basic ideas of techniques, strategy, tactics and leadership than to specific details of war.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eAbout the Author:\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Dr. Jagadish Narayan Sarkar had a distinguished academic career. He received his education at Patna and Calcutta Universities. He retired as professor and head of History, Jadavpur University. He was elected General President of Indian History Congress in 1776.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e He has contributed nearly 300 research articles to different journals in English and Bengali. He has also published several books, of which important ones are : \u003ci\u003eThe Life of Mir Jumla Historiography (1964); Ideas of History in Medieval India (1961); Studies in Economic Life in Mughal India (1975); A Study of Eighteenth Century India (1976); Romance of Historiography from Shah Alam I to Shah Alam II (Non European) (1982); Hindu-Muslim Relations in Medieval Bengal (in Bengali, 1983) etc.\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreface\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e Numerous books have been written on the art and science of war in western countries. But the study of warfare in India through tile ages on a comprehensive basis is still in its infancy. The subject is, however, not only highly important but also of engrossing interest. At the same time it is profoundly instructive, as it abounds in numerous lessons not only for civilian academic students of history but, I dare say, also for the practical military experts of different periods of history. The failure to learn these lessons by our rulers and generals in the past has been one of the principal causes of many a military disaster in our country’s history.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e We have some useful works for Ancient India. But for medieval India much remains to be done. The only standard works available for Medieval India are by William Irvine, The Army of the Indian Mughals, Surendra Nath Sen, The Military System of the Marathas, and Jadunath Sarkar, Military History of India. True, remarkable progress has been made in the study of Medieval Indian History on modern scientific lines during the last two hundred years or so. Besides political history, which had once monopolised the attention of scholars, several works on the administrative system and socio-economic and cultural aspects of the period have also been published during recent years. But what exist do not deal with the art of war as such. Neither the Cambridge History of India (vols. III and IV) nor the History and Culture of the Indian People has discussed this subject at all. There are, however, a few articles scattered in journals. The standard general works on political history of medieval India for the Sultanate and Mughal periods (including biographies, monographs etc.) contain at best a few sections or paragraphs on accounts of battles and wars. There is only a chapter or a section on military organization in a few books dealing with polity and administration and also with regional and dynastic histories of the period. For the purely military aspects of the Mughals the Marathas and the Sikhs in particular we have a few books. These are sufficiently detailed, highly useful and instructive in their own way and have been laid under contribution by me in the preparation of the present work. The eager enquirer may turn to all these works of the Sultanate and Mughal periods for various details. Since the achievement of independence in 1947 a few books have been published dealing with India’s armed forces through the ages with special reference to the modern period mostly by military personnel, which contain references to ancient and medieval periods as well. But there is no book dealing with the art of war in medieval India as such based on a synthetic use of all contemporary or semi contemporary sources. The result is that there is a feeling in some quarters that the art of war had not flowered in ancient and medieval India as in European countries. True, there are some differences in detail but a study of the military classics of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic era along with Indian works on polity and history and accounts of travellers etc. would show that many principles of war known in Europe were also known in medieval India. This is the first work on the subject, studied in the background of the works of Clausewitz, Jomini, and of ancient Indian, medieval and Chinese thinkers, as well as of the actual practice. The present study enables the author to assail the prevailing view, shared by distinguished writers like General Montgomery and Sardar K.M. Panikkar that India had no knowledge of art of war.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e In the preparation of this book more emphasis has been given to indicating and explaining what seems to the author to be the fundamental or basic ideas of army organization, methods and techniques, weapons, strategy, tactics and leadership than to specific details. Details have been given merely as illustrations. Thus the book is not an encyclopaedia of all information relating to medieval Indian warfare. It is just a modest beginning in the preparation of a comprehensive and detailed work on the Art of War in Medieval India.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The book is divided into seven parts:\u003cbr\u003e Part I (General and Historical) discusses the Trip’e Bases of War and the historical background.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Part II (Military Policy and Institutions) explains the three major factors which underlie the military policy of a state-military geography, military spirit and morale and military organisation and military statistics, with suitable illustrations in each case, and then analyses the military institutions.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Part III (Preparation for War) discusses the Constituent Branches of the Army; military art and the various measures in preparing the state for War.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Part IV depicts the Army in Action on land (Land Warfare) with special reference to the methods of conducting warfare; operational art and tactics; strategy and tactics (including mountain warfare and guerrila warfare).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Part V shows the Navy in Action (Naval Warfare).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Part VI deals with Ethics of War.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Part VII contains concluding remarks; Nature of Art of War; limitations and weaknesses.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Each Part is divided into chapters, sections and sub-sections. Footnotes have en consolidated as far as possible and given either at the end of a para or a section or more frequently.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e My studies on the present subject began in 1964 when I was requested by the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Gol Park, Calcutta, to contribute short paper on the Art of War in Medieval India. Subsequently an enlarged version of that paper was completed in 1968. It was first sent to the Madhya Pradesh It has Parishad at the request of its Secretary for publication in its journal. I had to withdraw it. Subsequently it was sent to one distinguished Delhi firm of publishers and booksellers for publication at their request in January, 1969. But as the terms of publication were not finalised even by end of May, I had to recall the manuscript in June. Meanwhile, at the request of The Magadh University and Visva-Bharati respectively I delivered two extra-mural lectures on the subject at Gaya in March 1969 and one in a seminar-lecture at Santiniketan in March, 1973. Subsequently, I also addressed the staff and students of Gauhati University on the subject at their request. I read a paper entitled 'Some Aspects of Military Thinking and Practice in Medieval India’ at the 28th International Congress of Orientalists held at Canberra in January 1971. While a bare summary was published in the Proceedings volume, the full paper was published in Journal of Historical Research of Ranchi University, Ranchi, and a monograph with the same title was published in 1974. I read another paper entitled ‘Geography and the Art of War in Medieval India’ in the 30th International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, held at Mexico in July 1976. Its publication in the Proceedings Volume is awaited. The present work incorporates some additions and alterations which made since then. Various impediments and preoccupations stood in the way of its publications earlier. Meanwhile in 1977 I sent to the Indian Council of Historical Research, a survey of the work done on history of warfare during medieval period (from 1947-72), as desired by the Council in 1972. It still awaits publication.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e It is now my pleasant duty to acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude the generous assistance and encouragement which I received from all whom I approached. For my participation in the international Congresses I am beholden to Prof. A.L. Basham, and the President Graciella de la Lama of the Session at Mexico. While the Jadavpur University authorities sanctioned my air passage to Australia, my journey and stay at Mexico were wholly financed by President Graciella de la Lama. I am grateful to them for their kind encouragement and support. I deem myself fortunate in having been able to get the expert advice of some distinguished military personnel, three successive Heads of the Department of Military Science, Poona University, Brigadier N.V. Bal (Retired), (and through him, of his predecessor), Major-General Y.S. Paranjpe (Retired), an Lt. Col. Abhayankar (Retired), besides Major-General D. Pal it on some points connected with this work. I am also indebted to my seniors and colleagues for their kind suggestions for improvement of the work. Among them, unfortunately for me, Dr. R.C. Majumdar then doyen of Indian historians, and Dr N,K. Sinha, formerly Ashutosh Professor of Medieval and Modern History Calcutta University, Padmabhusan Dr. H.K. Sherwani, Dr. K.K. Dutta, formerly Vice-Chancellor, Patna University, who were keenly interested in seeing the book in print, are no more. Fortunately, others are with us: Dr. P.C. Gupta, formerly Professor and Head of the Department of History, Jadavpur University, and Vice-Chancellor, Visva-Bharati (now retired), Dr S.H. Askari, Honorary Joint Director, K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna (now retired), Dr. J.H. Voigt, then Reader, Stuttgart University, west Germany, Dr. R.S. Sharma, one of my most brilliant students of Patna, then Professor and Head of the Department of History, Patna University, and later of the University of Delhi, Dr. Tara Sankar Banerji, Reader in History, Visva-Bharati, and Sri Pankaj Kumar Datta of Victoria Memorial, Calcutta, for their kind suggestions for improvement. I am thankful to Dr. A.R. Kulkarni Professor and Head, History Deptt., University of Poona, for permitting me to peruse the thesis of Dr. M. Deshpande on Maratha Forts. The Director, Assam State Museum, Gauhati, Gauhati, supplied me with a list of cannon-pieces and guns stored there. I offer my heartfelt thanks for their labour of love. None of them, however, is responsible for any shortcomings that may still disfigure the book. I am also beholden to Dr. T.K Ravindran, Professor and Head of History Department, University of Kerala, and editor of Journal of Indian History, Dr. P.N. Ojha, then Professor and Head of the Department of History, Ranchi University, and Editor of Journal of Historical Research and Sri Nisith Ranjan Ray then Secretary and Curator, Victoria Memorial, for publishing some of my papers relating to the subject in their respective journals and bulletins and also to Sri Kshitish Chandra De of Messrs. Ratna Prakashan, for publishing my monograph on Some Aspects of Military Thinking and Practice in Medieval India. My thanks are also due to Sri Raj Kumar Research Officer, I.C.H.R., for help in completing my survey work.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e I have to record my sense of profound indebtedness to certain institutions in reparation of this work. The Curator of the National Museum, New Delhi, supplied me with nine photographs of arms and armour reproduced here. My special thanks are due to my old friend from my Patna days, Dr. Priyatosh Banerji, Assistant Curator in that Museum (now retired) for arranging their quick despatch and to Dr. G.N. Pant, Keeper of National Museum for kindly permitting me to use the photos given in his books on weapons and warfare. I have used them for supplying captions for the photos of the National Museum. Sri A.N. Lal of the same institution also helped me. The Asiatic Society, Calcutta, supplied me with microfilms and photostat copies of some Folios of Adab ul Harb Wash Shujaah with diagrams of battle orders as also a microfilm of a picture from the Akbarnamah. In this regard, Sri Shibdas Chaudhuri, Librarian and Maulavis Abdul Khallaque and Mumtaz Ahmad of the society were of great help. The staff of the Asiatic Society as well as of the National Library, Calcutta showed me inestimable courtesy and cooperation in supplying rare books. Dr. Rafiq Shibli and Maulavi Quddus of Iran Society Calcutta, also helped me in various ways. I am also greatly indebted to the Secretary and Curator of the Victoria Memorial, Calcutta, Dr. Hirendra N. Chakravarty, the Conservator, Sri Pankaj Kumar Dutt, and the Photo-Graphic section for the supply of photographs of some arms and armour from the Arms Gallery. Sri Dutt took great pains in supplying the descriptive captions of the photos. Prof. B.N. Mukherjee, Carmichael Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture, Calcutta University, also helped me by supplying books. Two research students of mine, Dr. Pinaki Ranjan Mahapatra, M.A., Ph.D., now Lecturer in History, Karimpur College and Sri Phanindra Nath Chakravarty, M.A. (now Ph.D. of Jadavpur University), helped me in checking Some references. The latter took upon himself the arduous task of preparing the index and errata. Constructive suggestions for improvement will be thankfully received.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eCONTENTS\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ctable\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd width=\"80%\"\u003e Preface\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003cb\u003exi\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Abbreviations\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003cb\u003exvi\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Liest of Illustrations, Maps and Diagrams\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003cb\u003exxiv\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/tbody\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e INTRODUCTION\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e CONCEPTUALIZATION OF WAR \u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e PART ONE\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eGeneral and Historical\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter I\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e TRIPLE BASES OF WAR \u003cb\u003e15\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Physical Features \u003ci\u003e15\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Psychological Factors \u003ci\u003e23\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Organizational Factors \u003ci\u003e29\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter II \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e HISTORICAL BACKGROUND \u003cb\u003e33\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Society, Politics and War \u003ci\u003e33\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Outline of Military History, 8th-18th Century \u003ci\u003e33\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Military Landmarks in Medieval India \u003ci\u003e35\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Causes and Nature of War in Medieval India \u003ci\u003e36\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e PART TWO\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eMilitary Policy and Institutions\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter III\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e MILITARY POLICY \u003cb\u003e43\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Military Geography \u003ci\u003e43\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Military Sprint and Morale \u003ci\u003e45\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Military Organization and Military Statistics \u003ci\u003e52\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter IV\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e MILITARY INSTITUTIONS \u003cb\u003e56\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e Factors Influencing Military Organaisation and Development \u003ci\u003e56\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Army Recruitment - Types of Armies \u003ci\u003e57\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Personnel \u003ci\u003e58\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Organization of the Army Command \u003ci\u003e62\u003c\/i\u003e \u003col type=\"a\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e Unity of Command \u003ci\u003e62\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Army Officers - Commander-in-Chief \u003ci\u003e63\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Councils of War \u003ci\u003e66\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e The 'Ariz and the Bakhshi \u003ci\u003e68\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Musters \u003ci\u003e72\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Leadership - Generalship \u003ci\u003e70\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Some illustration \u003ci\u003e72\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Decimal System \u003ci\u003e75\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e The Mughal Mansabadari System \u003ci\u003e76\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e The Rajput \u003ci\u003e80\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e The Marathas \u003ci\u003e81\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e The Sikhs \u003ci\u003e81\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e The Ahoms \u003ci\u003e82 \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Strength of the Army \u003ci\u003e82\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Military Finance \u003ci\u003e85\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Rewards and Distinctions \u003ci\u003e86 \u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Discipline \u003ci\u003e86\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e PART THREE\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreparation for War\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter V \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e SYSTEM OF ORGANISATION \u003cb\u003e 93\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e General Remarks \u003ci\u003e93\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Constituent Branches of the Army \u003ci\u003e94\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 1:\u003c\/i\u003e Infantry \u003ci\u003e94\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 2:\u003c\/i\u003e Cavalry \u003ci\u003e98\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 3:\u003c\/i\u003e Elephantry \u003ci\u003e104\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 4: \u003c\/i\u003eCamelry \u003ci\u003e109\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 5:\u003c\/i\u003e Other Animals \u003ci\u003e110\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter VI \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e MILITARY ART III 93\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 1:\u003c\/i\u003e Arms and Armour \u003ci\u003e111\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003col type=\"A\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e General remarks on the level of Military art \u003ci\u003e111\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Offensive Arms \u003ci\u003e112\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 1. The Bow and the Arrow\u003cbr\u003e 2. Sword\u003cbr\u003e 3. Sears, Javelins, Lances\u003cbr\u003e 4. The mace or war club\u003cbr\u003e 5. Battle axe, hatchet, halberd, dagger, knives, etc.\u003cbr\u003e 6. Discus or quoit\u003cbr\u003e 7. Noose and lasso (Lariat)\u003cbr\u003e 8. Spades\u003cbr\u003e 9. Stones\u003cbr\u003e 10. Fighting at close quarters\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Defensive Armour \u003ci\u003e123\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (a) Head (b) Neck (c) Trunk (d) Hand and Foot\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 2:\u003c\/i\u003e Special Arms \u003ci\u003e126\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (i) Artillery \u003ci\u003e126\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (ii) Military Engineering: Fortification \u003ci\u003e143 \u003c\/i\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cli\u003e Importance of fortifications\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Classification of fortification\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Principles of fort architecture in medieval India - \u003col type=\"a\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e Defensive aspects; Small castles; Field fortification\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Impressive aspect\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Decorative aspects\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Weaknesses\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e Siege-craft \u003ci\u003e160 \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Escalade \u003ci\u003e162\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Elephants \u003ci\u003e163\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Siege Engines \u003ci\u003e163\u003c\/i\u003e \u003col type=\"i\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e Kharak\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Ram\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Manjaniq\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Charkh; Siege Device \u003ci\u003e166\u003c\/i\u003e \u003col type=\"i\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e Filling up the ditches\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Pashab\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Siege Towers\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Movable shields or mantlets\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Sap and mine\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Trench warfare\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Storming\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Investment\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Starvation\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Bribery and treachery; Anti-siedge \u003ci\u003e172\u003c\/i\u003e - Defence Methods; Defence, Thirteenth and seventeenth centuries 173 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter VII\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e PREPARATION FOR WAR \u003cb\u003e175\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Principles of Strategic Intelligence \u003ci\u003e 175\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Strategy and Diplomacy Preferred to War \u003ci\u003e184\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e PART FOUR\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eArmy in Action Land Warfare\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter VIII\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e METHODS OF CONDUCTING WARFARE: OPERATION ART AND TACTICS \u003cb\u003e189\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 1. Role of Strategy, Logistics and Tactics in War \u003ci\u003e189\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 2. Logistics and Commissariat \u003ci\u003e190\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 3. Army on March \u003ci\u003e196\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 4. Reconnaissance \u003ci\u003e200\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 5. Spectacular Side of the Army \u003ci\u003e200 \u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Appedix \u003ci\u003e202\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter IX\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e STRATEGY AND TACTICS \u003cb\u003e204\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 1. Selection of the Battle Ground \u003ci\u003e204\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (a) Principles of Military Encampment (b) Bases\u003cbr\u003e 2. Battle Array: Deployment of Troops \u003ci\u003e208\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 3. Signals \u003ci\u003e214\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 4. Principles of War \u003ci\u003e215\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 5. System of Operations: Offensive and Defensive \u003ci\u003e217\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (A) Offensive\" Characteristics\u003c\/p\u003e \u003col type=\"i\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e Keep the lines of communications open\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Direct the main thrust from different sides\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Use of shock tactics\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Encircling or enveloping the enemy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Combined arms\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Deception\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Surprise attack\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003cp\u003e 6. System of Operations (Contd.)\u003cbr\u003e (B) Defensive Strategy\u003c\/p\u003e \u003col type=\"i\"\u003e \u003cli\u003e Its advantages\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Fortresses, entrenched lines and turning movements\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e 'Scorched Earth' policy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Danger of static defence\u003c\/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e Defensive-Offensive strategy\u003c\/li\u003e \u003c\/ol\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eAppendix A:\u003c\/i\u003e Stages in Evolution of Battle Arrays according to Hindus Theorists \u003ci\u003e233\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAppendix B:\u003c\/i\u003e Various Battle Orders According to Hindu Theorists \u003ci\u003e234\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eAppendix C: \u003c\/i\u003eNew Synonyms for Old Order \u003ci\u003e234\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 7. Special Type of Warfare \u003ci\u003e235\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (i) Mountain Warfare (ii)Guerrilla Warfare\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e PART FIVE\u003cbr\u003e \u003cb\u003eThe Navy, Regional and Imperial\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter X\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e PRINCIPLES AND ORGANIZATION OF INDIAN NAVIES \u003cb\u003e253\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 1. Importance of Navy \u003ci\u003e253\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 2. Naval Requisites and Regional Centres \u003ci\u003e254\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (a) The Indus Delta (Sind)\u003cbr\u003e (b) The \u003ca href=\"\/es\/article\/ganges\"\u003eGanges\u003c\/a\u003e Delta (Bengal)\u003cbr\u003e (c) Assam\u003cbr\u003e (d) Peninsular India\u003cbr\u003e 3. Organization Under the Delhi Sultans and the Mughal \u003ci\u003e257\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 4. Maratha Naval Organization \u003ci\u003e261\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e 5. Varieties and Numbers of Vessels: Dockyards \u003ci\u003e264\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Organization of Artillery in Navy; Types of Maratha Warships; Maratha Navy - Operational Tactics\u003cbr\u003e 6. Weaknesses of Mughal and Maratha Navies \u003ci\u003e267\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (a) Mughal Navy (b) Shivaji's Navy\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ccenterpart br=\"\"\u003e \u003cb\u003eEthics of War in Medieval India\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/centerpart\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter XI\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e MILITARY MORALITY \u003cb\u003e273\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 1:\u003c\/i\u003e Ancient and Medieval India \u003ci\u003e273\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (i) Two principles of Inter-state warfare\u003cbr\u003e (ii) Law of belligerents\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 2:\u003c\/i\u003e Laws of War and Peace in Islam \u003ci\u003e279\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Law of Peace in Islam \u003ci\u003e281\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 3:\u003c\/i\u003e A Comparison \u003ci\u003e282\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 4: \u003c\/i\u003e Eighth to Seventeenth Century \u003ci\u003e284\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (i) Deviation from the policy of exclusion of non-Muslims\u003cbr\u003e (ii) Retention of the pre-existing administrative machinery\u003cbr\u003e (iii) Expediency in religious policy\u003cbr\u003e (iv) Deviation from canon law\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e PART SEVEN\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003ci\u003eChapter XII\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e CONCLUDING REMARKS \u003cb\u003e303\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection I:\u003c\/i\u003e Nature of the Art of War in Medieval India \u003ci\u003e303\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (i) Absence of an unified art of war\u003cbr\u003e (ii) Some common misconceptions\u003cbr\u003e \u003ci\u003eSection 2: \u003c\/i\u003eLimitations and Weaknesses \u003ci\u003e309\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e (A) Causes of the Downfall of Hindu Powers before the Turks - Political, Military and Social\u003cbr\u003e (B) Weakness of the Indian powers\u003cbr\u003e (i) 13th - 16th Centuries\u003cbr\u003e (ii) 16th - 18th Centuries\u003cbr\u003e Selected Bibliography \u003ci\u003e332\u003c\/i\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Index \u003ci\u003e368\u003c\/i\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cfont color=\"red\" size=\"5\"\u003eSample Pages\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/idd911b.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/idd911c.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Occultnthings","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44623682568493,"sku":"IDD911","price":54.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/2094\/2117\/products\/the_art_of_war_in_medieval_india_idd911.jpg?v=1677797736","url":"https:\/\/occultnthings.com\/es\/products\/art-of-war-in-medieval-india-idd911","provider":"Occult-N-Things","version":"1.0","type":"link"}