Unbecoming Citizens: Culture, Nationhood, and the Flight of Refugees from Bhutan

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Book Specification

Item Code:	IDE906
Author:	Michael Hutt
Publisher:	Oxford University Press, New Delhi
Language:	English
Edition:	2005
ISBN:	0195670604
Pages:	327 (Color Illus: 6, B & W Illus: 9, Maps: 2)
Cover:	Paperback
Other Details	8.5" X 5.5"
Weight	330 gm

Book Description

From the Jacket :

This book recounts the plight of about a hundred thousand refugees of Nepali ethnic origin who claim to have wrongly evicted from Bhutan. They arrived in Nepal during the early 1990s and since then not a single one of them has returned. The author explains who these people are and analyses the Bhutanese government's new policies on citizenship, language, and that ultimately led to the flight of many erstwhile citizens. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of South Asian and Himalayan politics, anthropology, cultural studies, and refugee studies.

About the Author :

Michael Hutt is a Professor in Nepali and Himalayan Studies and Dean in the Faculty of Languages and Cultures, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.

Excerpts From Reviews:

'[This] is a rich, carefully researched and important book. It provides rare case study of the dynamics of nationalism in the Himalayas.'

- Journal of Refugee Studies

'The most memorable part of the book are the narratives, the stories the refugees try to tell, the memories they try to evoke.'

- Frontline

'It is for the historical construction of the migration of Nepalis into south Bhutan and the recording of their history from their settlement to expulsion that the book is valuable.'

- Himal South Asia

'In this absorbing book, Michael Hutt provides a cogent analysis of the problems and challenges of nation-building '

Hindu

CONTENTS

	Preface		vii
	Acknowledgements		xi
	Illustrations		vii
1.	Introduction		1
	1.1	Context: lands on a rim	1
	1.2	Bhutan and the Bhutanese	2
	1.3	Authenticity and historical truth	8
	1.4	Unbecoming citizens	13
2.	Matters of history		15
	2.1	The history of Umbho	15
	2.2	Nepali migration to Bhutan: the historical context	22
	2.3	'Since the time of the Shabdrung'	24
	2.4	'Priests and patrons'	27
	2.5	'To protect the land of Dharmadeva'	29
3.	Southern Bhutan in early British accounts		33
	3.1	Early encounters	33
	3.2	'A narrow slip of land'	34
	3.3	Bhutan and the Younghusband mission	39
	3.4	'First sightings'	40
4.	The legend of Garjaman Guring		46
	4.1	Ponlops and thekadars	46
	4.2	D.B. Gurung's memoir	47
	4.3	Using the legend	51
	4.4	Questions of historicity	54
5.	The settlement and administration of the south		58
	5.1	A chronology of Nepali settlement	58
	5.2	The ethnic boundary	61
	5.3	The administration of southern Bhutan	63
	5.4	The Paro Ponlop and the Dorjes	65
	5.5	The Mandals	68
	5.6	Land ownership and registration	71
	5.7	The payment of taxes	74
	5.8	Revenue from below	80
	5.9	The contribution of labour	82
6.	The changing bases of subjecthood		85
	6.1	Calling the raiyats back home	85
	6.2	The case of Akhal Singh	89
7.	Lhotshampa culture		94
	7.1	Bhutanese Nepaliness	94
	7.2	Caste and ethnicity	95
	7.3	Assumed characteristics	99
	7.4	Ascribed characteristics	102
	7.5	The absence of Nepali literature	105
	7.6	Of pandits and pathshalas	106
8.	The first activists		113
	8.1	'Jai Gorkha!'	113
	8.2	The death of Masur Chetri	116
	8.3	The Bhutan State Congress	120
9	Coming closer to the King		127
	9.1	Coming down from Tongsa	127
	9.2	Political representation	130
	9.3	The granting of citizenship	134
	9.4	Opening the schools	137
	9.5	Building the roads	139
	9.6	Moving east	141
	9.7	A sense of belonging	145
10.	The conditions for belonging		147
	10.1	Legislation on citizenship	147
	10.2	Censuses	150
	10.3	The 1988 census	152
11.	Becoming the same		160
	11.1	A homogenizing nationalism	160
	11.2	Driglam Namzha	165
	11.3	A national costume	167
	11.4	Enforcing culture	170
	11.5	Anxieties and dissent	177
	11.6	A national language	178
	11.7	Demoting Nepali	183
	11.8	Bhutanizing buildings	190
12.	'Now we will be criminals'		193
	12.1	'Nepali politics in India'	193
	12.2	The petition to the King	197
	12.3	Early Lhotshampa dissidence	200
	12.4	Arrests and reprisals	201
	12.5	Demonstrations	204
13.	The Ngolops		211
	13.1	The creation of the Ngolop	211
	13.2	The propagation of fear	214
	13.3	The closure of schools	220
	13.4	'Voluntary emigrants'	221
	13.5	The punishment of Tek Nath Rizal	227
14.	Dil Maya: fragments of a life		231
	14.1	Refugees and life histories	231
	14.2	Introducing 'Dil Maya'	234
	14.3	Dil Maya's life	238
	14.4	Becoming afraid	246
	14.5	Leaving Bhutan	251
	14.6	The future	253
15.	Refugees from Shangri-la		256
	15.1	A postscript	256
	15.2	The gaps between nation-states	263
	15.3	The construction of national cultures	266
	15.4	A small state, a Shangri-la	270
	15.5	Repairing the tear in the fabric	272
	15.6	Some legal perspectives	276
	15.7	The Brahmans of Shambhala	280
		Appendix	283
		Bibliography	286
		Index	300

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