{"product_id":"early-tamil-epigraphy-from-earliest-times-to-sixth-century-c-e-tamil-brahmi-inscriptions-naj979","title":"Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century C.E. (Tamil-Brahmi Inscriptions)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Specification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003ctable\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eItem Code:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eNAJ979\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/it\/book-author\/iravatham%20mahadevan\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Iravatham Mahadevan\"\u003eIravatham Mahadevan\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/it\/book-publisher\/central%20institute%20of%20classical%20tamil%20chennai\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Central Institute of Classical Tamil, Chennai\"\u003eCentral Institute of Classical Tamil, Chennai\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eEnglish\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eEdition:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e2021\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eISBN:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e9789381744147\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePages:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e772 (95 B\/W Illustrations)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eCover:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eHardcover\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eOther Details\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-dimensions\"\u003e11.5 inch x 8.5 inch\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eWeight\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-weight\"\u003e2.50 kg\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"product-details-description\" style=\"max-height: 63rem; overflow-y: auto;\"\u003eunhidewhenused=\"false\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"No Spacing\"\u0026gt; \u003cw locked=\"false\" priority=\"60\" semihidden=\"false\" unhidewhenused=\"false\" name=\"Light Shading\"\u003e \u003cw locked=\"false\" priority=\"61\" semihidden=\"false\" unhidewhenused=\"false\" name=\"Light 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\u0026lt;\/xml\u0026gt;\u0026lt;![endif]--\u0026gt;\u0026lt;!--[if gte mso 9]\u0026gt;\u0026lt;xml\u0026gt; \u003co v:ext=\"edit\"\u003e \u003co v:ext=\"edit\" data=\"1\"\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u0026lt;\/xml\u0026gt;\u0026lt;![endif]--\u0026gt;\u003cdiv class=\"WordSection1\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAbout the Book\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThis is Volume I of the revised and enlarged Second Edition of Early Tamil Epigraphy, first published in 2003. The Volume deals with Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e stone inscriptions discovered up to 2012. The main feature of the edition is that it is based on fresh in situ delineation and digitisation of the cave inscriptions included in the Corpus.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThis work provides a detailed account of the discovery and decipherment of the inscriptions and relates their language and contents to early Tamil literature and society. Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions on pottery, coins, seals and rings, have also been utilised to present a more complete picture of early Tamil epigraphy. Two new section deal with \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePrakrit\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions on pottery and other inscribed objects, and Sinhala-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePrakrit\u003c\/span\u003e pottery inscriptions, from \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e, which bring out the interaction of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e with other contemporary languages and scripts of South India and Sri Lanka.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe study deals comprehensively with the epigraphy, language and contents of the inscription. The \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003etext are\u003c\/span\u003e given in transliteration with translation and extensive word by word commentary. The inscriptions are illustrated with direct photographs in colour, together with delineations and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eestampages\u003c\/span\u003e for comparative study. Palaeography of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e is described in detail with the help of letter charts. The special orthographic and grammatical \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003efeature of the earliest Tamil inscriptions are\u003c\/span\u003e also described. A glossary of inscriptional words and several classified word lists have been added to aid further research.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAbout the Author\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eIravatham\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMahadevan\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e(b. 1930)\u003c\/b\u003e has published \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003eWidely\u003c\/span\u003e on Indian epigraphy, especially on the Indus and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e scripts. He was awarded the Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship in 1970 for research on the Indus script and the National Fellowship of the Indian Council of Historical Research in 1992 for work on the Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eHis books, The \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eIndus Script: Texts, Concordance and Tables \u003c\/span\u003e(1977), and \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEarly Tamil Epigraphy \u003c\/span\u003e(2003) are recognised internationally as major source books for research in these fields.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eHe has received many awards including, more recently, the title \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eTamil Chennai \u003c\/span\u003efrom the Madurai \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eKamaraj\u003c\/span\u003e University (1995), the Copper Plaque of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e Archaeological Society (1998), the annual award of the Federations of Tamil \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSangams\u003c\/span\u003e of North America (2001), V. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eChelvanayakam\u003c\/span\u003e Award, Colombo (2004), the P.L. Gupta Medal of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e Numismatic Society (2006), the Madras Sanskrit College Centenary Award (2007), the Dravidian University Award for research publications in Dravidian languages (2008), \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePadma\u003c\/span\u003e Sri by the President of India (2009), D. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eLitt\u003c\/span\u003e degree by the Tamil University, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eThanjavur\u003c\/span\u003e (2009), \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTiruvalluvar\u003c\/span\u003e Award by the Government of \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e (2010), the Lifetime Literary Achievement Award by the Tamil Literary Academy, Canada (2010), \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTolkappiyar\u003c\/span\u003e Award (Presidential Award for Classical Tamil) for 2009 - 10 instituted by CICT and the Campbell Memorial Gold Medal for 2010 - 12 by the Asiatic Society of Mumbai for distinguished service in Oriental research.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eIravatham\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMahadevan\u003c\/span\u003e joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1954 and retired voluntarily in 1980 to devote \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003ehimself\u003c\/span\u003e to academic pursuits. He lives in Chennai.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eForeword\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe Central Institute of Classical Tamil takes great pleasure in bringing out the second revised and enlarged edition of \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEarly Tamil Epigraphy \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003eby Dr. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eIravatham\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMahadevan\u003c\/span\u003e. The first edition was published in 2003 jointly by \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eCrea\u003c\/span\u003e, Chennai, and the Harvard University, USA, including it in the Harvard Oriental Series. The book received international acclaim as the definitive study of early Tamil epigraphy.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe present publication is part of a larger effort to document and construct a digital archive of all the Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e Inscriptions in the caves of \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e and Kerala. This digital archive will be in the public domain coinciding with the launch of this book. It is significant that the author was inspired to write the second edition as a result of the digitisation effort undertaken by the Central Institute of Classical Tamil.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThis book, \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEarly Tamil Epigraphy \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003epresents a comprehensive account of the origin, development, discovery and deciphering which began with the efforts of Shri K.V. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSubrahmanya\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eAiyer\u003c\/span\u003e in the 1920's. Some of those ideas have been expanded on and revised by the next generation of scholars, in particular the author of this book. The book is at once a lay person's guide, a researcher's reference tool, a student's text book - a very comprehensive edition.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ePart I of the book deals with the discovery and deciphering, language and polity in the context of early Tamil epigraphy. Part II of the book deals with the technical aspects of epigraphy - in particular palaeography, orthography and grammar. Part III presents the comprehensive corpus of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e stone inscriptions. The concluding section is an exhaustive commentary and a word-by-word analysis of the inscriptions. The book also includes a selection of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions on pottery, coins and seals found in \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e and elsewhere. The book correlates the development of Tamil Language with inscriptions found in other languages and scripts in \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e in the same period.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe Central Institute of Classical Tamil is sure that this volume will be an invaluable record of the priceless heritage that not only people interested in Tamil studies will appreciate but any reader will cherish. The Central Institute of Classical Tamil is proud to present this masterpiece to the Tamil World.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ePreface\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eTamil was formally accorded the status of a Classical language by the Government of India in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2004. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe responsibility for preparing an action plan for the promotion of research in Classical Tamil was initially entrusted to the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore. During one of the discussions held in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2005 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eto formulate the schemes for inclusion in the action plan, I had suggested to Prof. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eUdaya\u003c\/span\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eNarayana Singh, Director, and Prof. K. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eRamasamy\u003c\/span\u003e, Deputy Director, CIIL, to take up the documentation of the earliest inscriptions in Tamil, employing the best available digital technology. The proposal was accepted which is the genesis of the present publication. It is my duty to thank the Director, CIIL and his colleagues for their invaluable help in initiating this project.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe Central Institute of Classical Tamil (CICT), Chennai, was established in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2007 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eto implement the Central plan schemes for promoting research in Classical Tamil. One of the first, and still the largest, projects implemented by CICT is the documentation of the earliest Tamil inscriptions and heritage monuments on HD Video and High Resolution still imagery, indexed, catalogued and held as a digital archive by CICT. Even as this long-term programme got under way, I was invited by CICT to prepare a revised edition of my book, \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEarly Tamil Epigraphy \u003c\/span\u003e(first published in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2003), \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003edovetailing it with the ongoing documentation of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVatteluttu\u003c\/span\u003e stone inscriptions. I need hardly add that I accepted the offer with alacrity as it would bring to fruition the project I had only dreamt about for long. I am thankful to the Director, CICT, for implementing the scheme for documentation of the earliest Tamil inscriptions and for including the revised edition of my book within its scope.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe CICT entrusted the execution of the project to the Centre for Plants, People and Ecosystems (CPPE), Chennai, a non-profit organisation working in this field. The CICT project team constituted by CPPE started the work in December \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2007 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eand successfully completed most of the field work by the end of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2010. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI am thankful to M. V. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBhaskar\u003c\/span\u003e, Project Coordinator, and his colleagues for the efficient execution of the project.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI was happy to inaugurate the work at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMamandur\u003c\/span\u003e, but could not participate in further field work due to health problems except once at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePulankurichi\u003c\/span\u003e in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2010. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe team led by \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBhaskar\u003c\/span\u003e completed the field work on its own with a copy of \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEarly Tamil Epigraphy \u003c\/span\u003eto serve as the guide to locate the caves and inscriptions.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI was shown the results of the photographic survey for verification of the \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ein situ \u003c\/span\u003edelineations, enlarged on the computer screen. I could hardly believe my eyes, looking at the amazingly clear photographs of the caves and the remarkable accuracy of the delineations. I could sense that it is not only the superior technology but also the total involvement of the team in the project, which produced such excellent results. I am proud to have been a member of the team, though working from only behind the scenes.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eIt has taken me more than two years \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e(2010 - 12) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eto complete editing the present publication which includes only the Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions. I must again thank \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBhaskar\u003c\/span\u003e for personally undertaking the laborious and time-consuming task of typesetting the revised edition afresh in Unicode.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI have received help from a large number of institutions and scholars for my research as acknowledged by me in the first edition of the book. I shall have to confine myself to thanking those who directly contributed to the making of the present, revised edition. My thanks are due to Prof. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eV.C. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eKulandai\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSwamy\u003c\/span\u003e, closely associated with the movement to secure Classical status for Tamil, for his constant encouragement and guidance.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eProf. R. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eChampakalakshmi\u003c\/span\u003e, to whom I could always turn for guidance in any matter related to South Indian history and culture.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDr. R. Krishnamurthy, the doyen of South Indian numismatics, for helping me with the selection of coins with Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e legends discovered and deciphered by him.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eProf. P.R. Subramanian, for patiently answering my innumerable queries related to Tamil and Dravidian linguistics.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eProf. K Raj an, for generously making available photographs of the Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eherostone\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions discovered by him, and of the pottery inscriptions from \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eKodumanal\u003c\/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePorunthal\u003c\/span\u003e and other recent excavations led by him.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDr. S. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVasanthi\u003c\/span\u003e, Director, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e State Department of Archaeology, for making available photographs of pottery inscriptions from the recent excavations by the Department.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eMr. G. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSundar\u003c\/span\u003e, Director, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eRoja\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMuthiah\u003c\/span\u003e Research Library, Chennai, for giving me access to rare publications in the holdings of the Library, and helping me to compile the enlarged bibliography in the present revised edition.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe present publication marks the culmination of my study of Tamil epigraphy extending over more than half a century \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e(1958 - 2012). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eLooking back over this long period, I remember with gratitude Dr. C. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSivaramamurti\u003c\/span\u003e, who initiated me into the discipline of epigraphy, Prof. KA. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003eNilakanta\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSastri\u003c\/span\u003e, who suggested to me to take up the research on the cave inscriptions of \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e, and KV.\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSubrahmanya\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eAiyer\u003c\/span\u003e, the founder of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e epigraphy, whom I had the good fortune to meet in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e1966 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eand receive his blessings for my successful decipherment of the Tamil- \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e cave inscriptions of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eCankam\u003c\/span\u003e Age at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMangulam\u003c\/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePugalur\u003c\/span\u003e. It is time to hand over the baton to younger scholars in the field.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eIntroduction\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEarly Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to Sixth Century A.D. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e(henceforth \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEYE) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ewas first published in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2003, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ein separate but identical editions, by \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eCre\u003c\/span\u003e-A\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e:,\u003c\/span\u003e Chennai in India and the Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, USA. The book has been well received by scholars and students alike, as indicated by the large number of reviews in academic publications in India and abroad, and by the fact that the Indian Edition was sold out within a year of its publication. Two seminars were held in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2004 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eon the progress in Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e studies and related areas, one by the Madras Institute of Development Studies (MIDS), Chennai, and the other at the Tamil University, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eThanjavur\u003c\/span\u003e. An increasing number of publications on \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eTamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ehave appeared in recent years in Tamil and English attesting to the heightened interest in this developing field. I am gratified that the main objectives of the book to provide reliable documentation and a definitive edition of the texts of the Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e cave inscriptions have been substantially fulfilled.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe Revised and Enlarged Second Edition is being published by the Central Institute for Classical Tamil (CICT), Chennai, an autonomous institution functioning under the Department of Culture, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003eNew\u003c\/span\u003e Delhi. The CICT is implementing an ambitious programme for the digitisation and preservation of Classical Tamil texts and survey of heritage monuments. One of the projects included in this larger programme is the documentation \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eof Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ecave inscriptions. The CICT has entrusted the execution of the project to the Centre for Plans, People and Ecosystems (CPPE), Chennai. The technical details of the project and consequent improvement to the quality of documentation are described by M. V. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBhaskar\u003c\/span\u003e, Project Co-ordinator, in his 'Report on the CICT Photographic Survey' included in this volume (pp. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e123 - 136). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe critically important feature of the project is replacing the Plates produced from the manual tracing of the inscriptions in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEIE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2003, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ewith \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ein situ \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003edelineation and digitisation. A welcome bonus is that the current Edition has an electronic counterpart with many interactive features for the reader, facilitating an even closer study of the inscriptions (See Plates \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e1 - 96).\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe present publication, Volume I of the Revised and Enlarged Second Edition, deals only with Tamil- \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003einscriptions including the newly discovered stone inscriptions (Nos. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e90\u003cb\u003e \u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e- 96) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eand, selectively, other Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions on pottery, coins, seals and rings (Annexure A to Chapter 1). Two new Sections have been added dealing with \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePrakrit\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions on pottery and other inscribed objects and, Sinhala-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePrakrit\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions on pottery, both from \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eAnnexures\u003c\/span\u003e B \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u0026amp; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eC to Chapter \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e1). \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI hope that the additions will lead to a wider and deeper perspective on early Tamil epigraphy and its interaction with other contemporary languages and scripts in South India and Sri Lanka.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThis volume retains the basic format of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEYE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2003 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ein the numbering of the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eTamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003estone inscriptions in the Corpus and of the inscriptional words in the Commentary to maintain continuity and facilitate citation. Newly added Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e stone inscriptions are placed in the Addendum to the Corpus and allotted new Reference Numbers in continuation of those in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEYE 2003.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEarly \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVattteluttu\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions included in \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEYE \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2003 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ehave been omitted from the present volume to provide more space for the additional material on Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e. Further, to do full justice to \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVattteluttu\u003c\/span\u003e will need a separate volume. The proposed volume would also include more Early \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVattteluttu\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions, especially the two long inscriptions from \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePulankurichi\u003c\/span\u003e and hero stone inscriptions up to 6th century \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eC.E., \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ewhich could not be accommodated in \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eETE \u003c\/span\u003e2003. However, the brief account on the origin, evolution and decline of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVatteluttu\u003c\/span\u003e script included in the survey of early Tamil epigraphy has been retained in the present volume to provide the link between Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVatteluttu\u003c\/span\u003e scripts.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eI am happy to report that the delineations reproduced in the present volume have confirmed the accuracy of the earlier tracings in \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eETE \u003c\/span\u003e2003 with but a single exception. The first two letters in an inscription (No. 27) which were earlier traced as a single broken letter ma', have now been corrected as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eu \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eta\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e in the personal name \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eUttiraantai\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThere are some other minor variations like, for example, the addition of the medial vowel marker \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e-ii \u003c\/span\u003e(No. 24), the suffix \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e-i \u003c\/span\u003e(No. 48), and the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003epulli\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e(No. 68), which do not, however, materially alter the readings or interpretations. There are also a few cases (Nos. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e10 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u0026amp; \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e15) of letters missing, wholly or partly, due to disintegration of the rock surface by natural or manmade causes. Each such variation, however minor, between the earlier tracings and the present delineations, has been recorded in the footnotes under the respective inscriptions in the Corpus.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThere are also a few instances of modified interpretation of words in the Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e texts in the Corpus. These changes have been discussed in detail in the Commentary on the respective inscriptions. The more significant revisions are briefly noticed below (Reference Numbers to the inscriptions in brackets):\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe newly added Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions include four on hero stones (Nos. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e91 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e- \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e94), marking a major turning point in the history of early Tamil epigraphy. K. Rajan and his colleagues in the Tamil University, \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eThanjavur\u003c\/span\u003e, discovered the inscribed hero stones in 2006 in megalithic urn-burial fields in two villages in the upper \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVaigai\u003c\/span\u003e valley. This important discovery extends the Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e period into the late megalithic age linking the latter with the succeeding early historical period attested in the Tamil \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eCankam\u003c\/span\u003e poetry. The inscriptions, especially the one (No. 93) mentioning a cattle raid \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e(a-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ekol\u003c\/span\u003e), \u003c\/span\u003ecorroborate the vivid accounts of erecting \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eherostones\u003c\/span\u003e in \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eTolkappiyam\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003eand the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eCankam\u003c\/span\u003e anthologies. It is significant that the language of the Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e hero stone inscriptions has no \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePrakrit\u003c\/span\u003e element and the contents do not reveal any association with Jainism.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eThe newly discovered Early Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscription (No. 95) in a cave on the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSamanarmalai\u003c\/span\u003e hill at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eKilkuyilkudi\u003c\/span\u003e near Madurai is also of exceptional interest. The location forms part of the extensive complex of caves marking the earliest settlement of \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eJaina\u003c\/span\u003e monks in the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePantiya\u003c\/span\u003e country. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eSamanarmalai\u003c\/span\u003e is also associated with the famous \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eJaina\u003c\/span\u003e monastery (no longer extant) at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTirukkattampalli\u003c\/span\u003e, which was considered to be the central seat of authority for the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eJainas\u003c\/span\u003e of the Tamil country (p. 172).\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eYet another interesting Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscription (No. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e96) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003efrom \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eEdakal\u003c\/span\u003e in Kerala, was discovered most recently (2012) by M. R. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eRaghava\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eVarier\u003c\/span\u003e. This is a brief label inscription affixed to an anthropomorphic figure forming part of the prehistoric rock art in the cave. I have read the inscription as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ei \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003epalama\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e'this (is) ancient', and identified it as the earliest known inscription in Malayalam, dated in the 4th or 5th century \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eC.E.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAmong the newly discovered Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e pottery inscriptions included in the present volume (Catalogue AI, Chapter 1), the most significant are those from the recent excavations at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePattanam\u003c\/span\u003e in Kerala, identified with \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMuciri\u003c\/span\u003e, the ancient seaport of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eCera\u003c\/span\u003e rulers and main entrep6t for trade with the West in classical times. \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eKodumanal\u003c\/span\u003e (ancient \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eKotumanam\u003c\/span\u003e) in \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTamilnadu\u003c\/span\u003e continues to be a veritable cornucopia of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e pottery inscriptions, yielding hundreds in each session of excavation, but represented in this volume only by a few examples for want of space. The extraordinarily high numbers of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e pottery inscriptions offer the most conclusive evidence for widespread and popular literacy in the Tamil society of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eCankam\u003c\/span\u003e Age.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eMore Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e pottery inscriptions have been found from recent excavations outside India. Pride of place among them must be given to the inscription reading \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003etirali\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003emuri\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e'written agreement (by) the assembly' found at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTissamaharama\u003c\/span\u003e in southern Sri Lanka, which has been assigned to 200 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eB.C.E. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e( 0.20\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e, Catalogue AI, Chapter 1). The evidence it provides for the existence of a trade guild of Sri Lankan Tamil merchants at this site known for its prolific yield of gemstones, is noteworthy. Perhaps it is this trade guild which issued the lead coins or tokens with Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e legends found earlier near this site (Nos. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e7 - \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e10, Catalogue AII, Chapter 1). Other ancient sites abroad which have yielded Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e pottery inscriptions from recent excavations are \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eQueseir\u003c\/span\u003e al-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ekhadim\u003c\/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBerenike\u003c\/span\u003e on the Red Sea Coast of Egypt, Oman in the Southern Arabian Peninsula and Thailand in South East Asia (Catalogue AI), providing new evidence for the extensive maritime trade by the Tamils of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eCankam\u003c\/span\u003e Age.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eSpecial mention must also be made of the discovery of a gold ring at Karur with a \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePrakrit\u003c\/span\u003e legend assigned to 1st century \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eB.C.E. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eon palaeographic evidence (Fig. 5.2A, p.212). The most remarkable feature of the legend on the ring is the occurrence of the special \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e-ii \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003emedial vowel marker, the diagnostic feature of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBhattiprolu\u003c\/span\u003e script, for the first time outside the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eStupa\u003c\/span\u003e site in Andhra Pradesh. The unexpected find coming more than a century after the discovery of the casket inscriptions at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBhattiprolu\u003c\/span\u003e offers good evidence for the connection between the earlier TB-I orthographic convention of Early Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions and the later orthographic convention of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBhattiprolu\u003c\/span\u003e script (see discussion pp. 266 - 269).\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEven as the manuscript of the present volume was getting ready for the press, more discoveries of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e inscriptions have been reported including yet another \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ecaveside\u003c\/span\u003e inscription from \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eTirupparankunram\u003c\/span\u003e, another hero stone inscription at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePorpanaikkottai\u003c\/span\u003e near \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003ePudukkottai\u003c\/span\u003e and further quantities of Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e pottery inscriptions from the inexhaustible trenches at \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eKodumanal\u003c\/span\u003e. It has not been possible to include these recent discoveries in the present volume. I hope \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eEarly Tamil Epigraphy \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ewill develop into an open-ended, multi-volume series, arranged thematically and updated periodically, to keep abreast of the ever increasing number of discoveries in this field.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eContents\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"MsoTableGrid\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eForeword\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exi\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ePreface\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exiii\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eIntroduction\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exvi\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eCredits for illustrations\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exviii\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDetailed table of contents\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exxxi\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eList of tables\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exxxii\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eList of figures and charts\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exxxiv\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eList of plates\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exxxv\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eList of maps\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exxxvi\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAbbreviations\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exli\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eScheme of transliteration and diacritical marks\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003exlii\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eTable of conventional symbols\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ePart One: Early Tamil Inscriptions\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e1.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDiscovery\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e3\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e2.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eDecipherment\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e93\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e3.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eLanguage\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e137\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e4.\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ePolity\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e151\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ePart Two: Studies in Early Tamil Epigraphy\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e5.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ePalaeography\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e205\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e6.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eOrthography\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e265\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e7.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eGrammar\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e293\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003ePart Three: Corpus \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eof Tamil-\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eBrahmi\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eInscriptions\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eCorpus (with Plates)\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e343\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eCommentary\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e553\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eAppendices\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e649\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eBibliography\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e693\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"47\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"378\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003eGeneral Index\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd xss=\"removed\" valign=\"top\" width=\"85\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e713\u003co\u003e\u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/tbody\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e \u003cp class=\"MsoNormal\" xss=\"removed\"\u003e \u003cspan xss=\"removed\"\u003e\u003co\u003e \u003c\/o\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cfont color=\"red\" size=\"5\"\u003eSample Pages\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979a.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979b.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979c.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979d.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979e.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979f.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979g.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979h.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979i.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2017\/naj979j.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg 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