The People of India

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Book Specification

Item Code:	ISA22
Author:	Herbert Risley
Publisher:	MUNSHIRAM MANOHARLAL PUBLISHERS PVT LTD
Language:	English
Edition:	1991
ISBN:	8121505427
Pages:	542 (B & W Illus: 35 with one ethnological Map)
Cover:	Hardcover
Other Details	9.8" X 6.5"

Book Description

About the Book:

Few countries in the world can vie with India in the matter of geographical vastness and the immensity of ethnic variety. The not too infrequent migrations and incursions, political or otherwise, from outside and the consequent social intercourse with the native tribes have resulted in so much racial miscegenation over the centuries that there are innumerable types, each physically and socially different from the other.

To a young and enterprising anthropologist, what other country could be as fascinating as India affording unlimited material for study. Sir Herbert Risley was one such anthropologist of renown. He came to India as a member of the Indian Civil Service and started work in Chhota Nagpur, that strong-hold of Indian tribes, and by his diligent study of the native races rose to be the Director of Ethnology and thrice President of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

About the Author:

Risley's The People of India is a monumental study of the ethnology of this country. He was a pioneer in the application of scientific methods to the classification of the races of India and the great value of his work lies in this, that it has continued to open out fresh fields of enquiry and give a new impetus to the study of man in India.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I
The Physical Types

Ethnic isolation of India	1
External factors	3
Internal factors	4
The race basis of Indian society	5
The data of Ethnology	6
Language and race	7
Indefinite physical characters	13
Definite physical characters	16
The data now available	17
Method of treatment adopted	18
Craniometry and Anthropometry	19
Anthropometry in India	20
General classification of mankind: the three primary types	22
Their application to India	25
Conditions favourable to anthropometry	25
Shape of the head	26
Its value as a test of race	26
Shape of the head in India	27
Shape of the nose: the nasal index	28
Correspondence with social groupings	28
Shape of face: orbitonasal index	30
Stature in Europe and India	31
The seven physical types	32
Limitations of the scheme	34
Turko-Iranian type	35
Indo-Aryan type	37
Seytho-Dravidian type	38
Aryo-Dravidian type	37
Mongolo-Dravidian type	40
Mongoloid type	42
Dravidian type	44
Origins of types	47
Dravidian	48
The Indo-Aryan type: its non-Indian origin	48
The mode of its entry into India	50
The Aryo-Dravidians: Dr. Hoernle's theory	55
The Mongolo-Dravidians	56
The Scytho-Dravidian type: its history	57
The possible origin	58

CHAPTER II
Social Types

Social divisions: the tribe	62
Types of tribes	62
The Dravidian tribe	63
The Mongoloid tribe	64
The Turko-Iranian tribes: the Afghan type	64
The Baloch and Brahui type	64
Marriage in Baluchistan	67
The word "caste"	67
Definition of caste	68
M. Senart's description	68
An English parallel	69
Conversion of tribes into castes	72
Types of Caste	75
(i) Tribal Castes	75
(ii) Functional castes	76
(iii) Sectarian castes	78
(iv) Castes formed by crossing	82
(v) National castes	86
(vi) Castes formed by migration	88
(vii) Castes formed by changes of customs	92
Totemism	95
In Chuntia Nagpur	96
In Orissa	98
In Bombay	100
In Central India	101
In the Central Provinces	102
In Madras	102
In Assam	103
In Burma	103
Sir J.G. Frazer's theory of totemism	105
Totemism and Exogamy	107
Classification of castes	109
Method adopted in Census of 1901	111
Its practical working	113
Its general results	114
Social precedence of Hindus in Bengal	114
Social precedence among Muhammadans	121
Case of Baluchistan	123
Distribution of social groups	125
Diffused groups	125
Localised groups	126
Muhammadan groups	126

CHAPTER III
Caste in Proverbs and Popular Sayings

Proverbs in general: various definitions	128
Classified as general and particular	129
Indian proverbs of caste	130
A village portrait gallery	130
The Brahman	130
The Baniya	131
The Kayasth	132
The Jat	132
The Kumbi or Kurmi	133
The Barber	133
The Goldsmith	134
The Potter	134
The Blacksmith	134
The Carpenter	135
The Oil-presser and dealer in oil	135
The Tailor	135
The Washerman	135
The Fisherman	136
The Weaver	136
The Tanner and Shoemaker	137
The Dom	138
The Mahar and Dhed	139
The Pariah	139
The Bhil	139
Comparative Proverbs	140
The Parsi	142
The Ascetics	143
The Muhammadans	144
In Baluchistan and North-West Frontier Province	144
In Sind and Gujarat	146
In the Punjab	146
In the United Provinces	147
In Behar	147
In Madras	147
Provincial and local Proverbs	148
General Proverbs	149
Bibliography of Indian Proverbs	152

CHAPTER IV
Caste and Marriage

Contrasts between India and Europe	154
Endogamy	156
Exogamy	161
Hypergamy	163
Influence of hypergamy	165
Female infanticide and exogamy	171
Female infanticide and hypergamy	173
Origin of hypergamy	178
Prohibition of widow marriage unknown in Vedic times	182
Causes of its revival	182
Considerations of property, of spiritual benefit, of sacramental doctrine	183
Influence of hypergamy	184
Practice of lower castes	184
Feeling of the people as to extension of widow marriage	185
Prevalence of infant marriage	186
Origin of infant marriage	187
Mr. Nesfield's theory	188
Antiquity of the custom: its possible causes	189
The case for infant marriage	192
The physiological side of the question	193
Abuses in Bengal	194
Reform in Rajputana	195
Rules of the Walterkrit Sabha	196
As to expenses	196
As to betrothal	197
As to age	198
Legislation: Mr. Ghose's scheme	199
The Mysore Act	200
The Baroda Act	201
Its practical working	202
Sardar Arjun Singh's Scheme	203
Indian views of it	204
Prospects of reform	205
Difficulties of legislation	206
The two forms of polyandry	207
Matriarchal polyandry	207
The ceremonial husband	209
The actual husband	209
Fraternal polyandry in Tibet and Sikkim	210
Origin of polyandry	212
Statistics of marriage	212
Among Hindus	213
Among Muhammadans	213

CHAPTER V
Caste and Religion

Stratification of caste	216
Hinduism and Islam	217
Railways and religion	218
Fetishism	219
Shamanism	220
Animism	222
The best term available	222
Ideas underlying Animism	223
Impersonal elemental forces	225
Origin of unworshipped Supreme Beings	226
Beginnings of religion	227
The ghost theory	228
Growth of ancestor-worship	228
Animism in India	231
Relation between Animism and popular Hinduism	232
Illustration of Animistic ideas	233
The Sri Panchami and Animism	235
Sources of Animistic usages	236
Pantheism	237
Transmigration and Karma	238
Lucian on Karma	239
Ancient Paganism and modern Hinduism	242
Adaptiveness of Paganism	243
Weaker than Hinduism in metaphysics and ethics	244
Stronger in national sentiment	245
Statistics of religion	246
Increase of Muhammadans	246
Influence of conversion	247
Influence of Christianity on the low castes	249
Causes of its failure with the high castes	250
Nationalism and the Arya Samaj	253
The Samaj and the Khatris	254
The future of Hinduism	255

CHAPTER VI
The Origin of Caste

The origins of caste	257
The Indian theory	258
Its historic elements	259
Its probable origin	261
The Indian and Iranian classes	262
Sir Denzil Ibbetson's theory	263
Mr. Nesfield's theory	265
M. Senart's theory	267
Caste not merely occupation. The guilds of Medieval Europe	269
Caste under the Roman Empire	270
Castes not merely developed tribes	272
The genesis of caste: the basis of fact	273
The genesis of caste: the influence of fiction	276
Summary	276

CHAPTER VII
Caste and Nationality

European idea that caste is breaking up	278
Founded on misconceptions of facts	279
Not shared by Sir Henry Cotton	282
Whose views are confirmed by statistics and by the best Indian opinion	283
Apparent antagonism of caste and nationality	284
Caste and monarchy	285
Caste and democracy	286
Caste and nationality	286
The factors of nationality	287
Community of origin	288
Language	289
Political history	290
Religion	291
Intermarriage	292
The basis of Indian nationality	293
Has it any parallel in history?	294
The example of Gaul	295
The example of Japan	296
The future of Indian Nationalism	299

APPENDIXES

I. Proverbs Relating to Caste	305
II. Maps of Castes	334
III. Anthropometric Data	344
IV. Infant Marriage Laws	403
V. Modern Theories of Caste	407
VI. Kulin Polygamy	423
VII. The Santal and Munda Tribes	441

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