{"product_id":"merchant-and-state-french-in-india-1666-1739-2-volumes-ide248","title":"The Merchant and the State: The French in India, 1666-1739 (2 Volumes)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Specification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003ctable\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eItem Code:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eIDE248\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/book-author\/aniruddha%20ray\/\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Aniruddha Ray\"\u003eAniruddha Ray\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/book-publisher\/munshiram%20manoharlal%20publishers%20pvt%20ltd\/\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.\"\u003eMunshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eEnglish\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eEdition:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e2004\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eISBN:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e8121511119\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePages:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e1108 (Color Illus: 7)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eCover:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eHardcover\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eOther Details\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-dimensions\"\u003e8.8\" X 5.8\"\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eWeight\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-weight\"\u003e1.74 kg\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"product-details-description\" style=\"max-height: 63rem; overflow-y: auto;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eFrom the Jacket:\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The brief survey of the activities of the French East India Company in India, based principally on the unpublished factory records of the French archives, deals with their problems, their linkage with the mercantile groups and their relation with the local rulers. Starting with their arrival at Surat in 1666, this study closes with the occupation of Delhi by Nadir Shah in 1739, which marks the change of attitude of the European powers including the French towards the Mughal Empire. However this work tries to give a total appraisal of the activities of the French and not their commerce only thus trying to understand the perception of the French in India, revealing in turn the changing Indian politico-economic situation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The fortune of the French in India declined from the end of the seventeenth century but considerably improved with the formation of another Company in 1719. New factories were established at Mahe, Karikkal and Patna. By 1730s, the investment of the company touched the English investment in Bengal where the activities of Dupleix, narrated here from his unpublished private letters, shows the rising commerce and the increasing aggressive attitude of the French.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eAbout the Author:\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAniruddha Ray,\u003c\/b\u003e retired Professor of Calcutta University, has published the following, namely, edn. of S.N. Sen, \u003ci\u003eForeign Biographies of Shivaji\u003c\/i\u003e (1977); \u003ci\u003eSome Aspects of Mughal Administration\u003c\/i\u003e (1984); ed. with S.K. Bagchi, \u003ci\u003eTechnology in Ancient and Medieval India\u003c\/i\u003e (1986); \u003ci\u003eThe Rebel Nawab: Revolt of Vizier Ali Khan of Oudh\u003c\/i\u003e (1990); trans. and ed. with Ratnabali Chatterjee, \u003ci\u003eSociety \u0026amp; Culture of Medieval Bengal\u003c\/i\u003e (in Bengali), (1992); with S. Arasaratnam, \u003ci\u003eMasulipatnam and Cambay. A History of Two Ports-towns 1500-1800\u003c\/i\u003e (1994); ed. with others, \u003ci\u003eMurshidabad Affairs, 1821-1850\u003c\/i\u003e (1995); \u003ci\u003eEconomic History of Mughal India\u003c\/i\u003e (in Bengali), (1996); \u003ci\u003eEconomic History of Sultanate Period\u003c\/i\u003e (in Bengali), (1997); \u003ci\u003eAdventurers, Landowners and Rebels. Bengal c. 1575-c. 1715\u003c\/i\u003e (1998); \u003ci\u003eJadunath Sarkar \u003c\/i\u003e(in Bengali), (1999); \u003ci\u003eMedieval Indian Towns\u003c\/i\u003e (in Bengali), (1999); ed., \u003ci\u003eTipu Sultan and His Age\u003c\/i\u003e (2002); and ed. with K.S. Mathew and M.A. Nayeem, \u003ci\u003eHistory of the Deccan\u003c\/i\u003e (2002). Prof. Ray was the Secretary of the Indian History Congress. He has participated in seminars in USA, France, England, Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia and Bangladesh.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e This is not the story of French commerce in India. It is a simple narrative of activities of the French in India since their arrival in India in 1666 on behalf of the newly formed French Company of the Indies. The aim of this narrative is to show the factors and circumstances leading to the establishments of different factories in India and their activities, in the background of the changing fortunes of the Company in France, their policy decisions and their effects on the functioning of their factories in India. In a broader sense, this narrative deals with the problems faced by the French personnel in India while confronting the State power and their attempts to overcome these problems. At the same time, the relation between the French and the Indians, particularly merchant and arti- sans, in different factories has been outlined as far as available in the documents. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Among the French scholars who tried to look at the working of the French Company in India, perhaps the most successful was Paul Kaeppelin, whose work on the Company till the early eighteenth century still remains a classic work. Published in 1908, the work of Kaeppelin was based primarily on the French Company records kept in France. It is quite understandable that Kaeppelin had very little information on seventeenth century India at his disposal at that time and he relied only on the French records and the accounts given by the British historians writing in the nineteenth century. As a result, the work of Kaeppelin was limited to the activities of the French only, which often prevented him from explaining the shifts and changes of the French attitude to the local authorities. The full perspective of the changing Indian scenario was not available to Kaeppelin in the early twentieth century. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e While Kaeppelin had concentrated only on the French Company and India, with an account of the earlier disastrous French experiment at Madagascar, the recent classic work of Philippe Haudrere covered the activities of the French since 1719 till the dissolution of the Company at the end of the eighteenth century. Here, Haudrere had looked at the activities of the Company in a global perspective with a far greater emphasis on trade. Unlike that of Kaeppelin, Haudrere relegated the Indian activities of the French into a distant background, giving much more importance to the Company affairs in France and the network established by the Company almost worldwide. Such an emphasis on global policy could explain partly the shifts of the Company policies towards the factories set up in different continents; but Haudrere did not go into the details of each enterprise. Extremely rich in statistical data on commerce, investment, personnel, ship-building, etc., with tables to show the comparative positions of different French factories region- wise, the work points to the emergence of France as worthy rival to the English in India since the 1730s that coincided with Dupleix becoming Director of the Bengal factory. Since the detailed activities of the factories were not included in the work of Haudrere, the gradually changing view of Dupleix in relation to the state power has not been discussed in his work. This narrative, here, lays emphasis on such changing perceptions of the French, particularly that of Dupleix, in view of the increasing trade of the French in India. The late nineteenth century work of J.B. Malleson emphasized the French political activities in India, but he had discussed more the Anglo-French rivalry, with the secondary and timid role of the Indians, in the contest. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The first book of S.P. Sen (The French in India, Calcutta, 1947), covering the activities of the French in India between 1664 and 1693 (till the fall of Pondicherry) was based principally on the Memoires of Francois Martin and other papers. He had generally looked at the process of the first expansion of the French in India. Since it was principally a survey work, then unknown to the Indian scholars, this pioneering work of an Indian has remained a source book of the French activities in India. The details of the French activities in India found in the Company letters however has remained beyond the pale of such a survey work. Thus the actual working of the French factories, their problems in the background of the Company policies and the activities of the local Indian chiefs, has not been looked into. The details of the French trade as well as their activities, particularly in Bengal, were not covered either. The recent publication of the Memoires of Francois Martin with English translation reduced the value of this pioneering work. Apart from Bengal, the establishment of factories at Calicut, for example, or the problems of the French at Masulipatnam since its beginning in 1669, were absent in the work of Sen. Since we have fully utilised the French version of the Memoires of Francois Martin, the work of Sen has not been referred to in this work, which does not in any way reduce the importance of this pioneering study. Actually his study shows that a further amplified work should be undertaken by an Indian scholar on the basis of French documents, most of which have remained unpublished.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e So far the history of the growth of Pondicherry or Chandernagore has not been studied properly, although some Bengali writings of Harihar Sheth and others had appeared on early Chandernagore. In recent years some attempts have been made to look at the growth of Pondicherry from the early eighteenth century. The English and the Dutch trading practices, particularly in Bengal, were well covered by competent scholars, but French trade of the early period was not studied in that way. The thesis of Indrani Rayon the French trade in India during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries remained unpublished. A few articles written by her have now been collected in a book form and published. Some of these articles have been utilized here. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e An attempt has been made here to record the growth of Pondicherry and Chandernagore as urban areas. The land records regarding the purchase of land in Bengal and Balasore have been shown at proper places in chronological sequence so as to merge into the policies then dopted by the French. For example, the French attempted to empty huge investment on the program of building at Chandernagore and Qasimbazar at a time when there was very little prospect of French trade due to the European war. In case of Pondicherry, it was different. Pondi- cherry grew despite the French. The details of the conflict between the French clergy, the French administration and the local population in the early eighteenth century have been traced in detail here. These would be interesting elements for the study of the history of the French urban areas in India, not studied so far. It would be clear to anyone that the growth of Pondicherry and Chandernagore, at least during the first half of the eighteenth century, had no settled program or policy. The controversy among the French administrators on the question of the fortification of Pondicherry would show this very clearly. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Interestingly, as we would see, the case of the French presence at Surat was different. Here the French first settled in 1666 and continued there for more than a century. But since 1702, no French ship carne to Surat due to the huge debts that the French had contracted at Surat during the declining days of the first French East India Company. Even when after 1719, the new French Company began to liquidate the debts in India, Surat was marginalised much to the chagrin of the Mughal merchants and the Frenchmen stilI living there. Given the situation, the attitude of the Mughal Governor of Surat was perfectly friendly since he did not allow the creditors to run down the factory. How the French managed to get out of the situation, particularly from the clutches of the Bohra brothers and Mulla Abdul Gaffur, has been recounted here in detail. This episode remained unknown to the Indian or even to the European historians. Similarly one could see the French at Masulipatnam since their arrival there in 1669, the conflict with the local authorities due to the arrest of their Armenian broker Marcara A vacin and the parting of ways between the French and the Masulipatnam authorities. As we would see, it was a temporary halt and by 1689, the French were back with a Jarman. Some of these documents are reproduced in the Ap- pendices in English with a free translation from the French text. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The French attempts to penetrate the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts have been traced here briefly for the simple reason that these were more or less known. Only the French activities at Kaveripatnam and later at Mahe, which then grew into a French enclave, are recounted here with some details. Similarly the French acquisition of Karikkal is described from the extant French documents fortunately printed by Alfred Marti- neau. Once again, the Appendices at the end of the text in this work supply all such documents in full. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The French classical scholars have often described Francois Martin as the founder of Pondicherry. It is doubtful in more than one sense. He was not the first Frenchman to set his foot on Pondicherry, then known as Puducherry. Nor was he the first European to do so as we have shown here. One might say that, like Job Charnock at Calcutta, Francois Martin had set the ball rolling at Pondicherry. As we would see, his role as so- called \"founder\" has often been exaggerated. He could neither get the fortification or even the walling of the city completed nor could he keep the Jesuits at bay. The work of Le Noir, later Governor of Pondicherry, was far more important in that sense; unfortunately he could get little credit from the Indian scholars. Here, therefore, an attempt has been made to show the development of Pondicherry under Le Noir so that a clear comparison could be made between him and Martin. Of course the situations were different and Martin could claim the credit of securing Pondicherry from the Maratha invaders. But how far the Maratha Governors of Jinji were interested in taking over Pondicherry remains a debatable issue. They were far more interested in milking the golden cow rather than have a new one for themselves. A study of the history of the Marathas at Jinji from the Maratha papers might reveal more on the French activity than has been imagined so far. In any case the facts are laid bare here for the readers to give their judgement. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e The Indian scholars accepted Dupleix as a man who brought the French Company to a very comfortable position so as to challenge the English dominance. However the Indian scholars, mostly using the English records, studied the activities of Dupleix in his attempts to carve out a piece of territory in south India. Thus they had not given importance to his roaring private trade during his stay at Chandemagore between 1731 and 1740. An illuminating article by Indrani Ray from the private papers of Dupleix showed this aspect clearly. The excellent French study by Alfred Martineau on Dupleix in Bengal remained largely unnoticed by the Indian scholars. Here we would look into the work of Martineau from the same set of documents, as were utilized by him and would come to a slightly different position. \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eCONTENTS\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"7\"\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd width=\"100%\"\u003e \u003ci\u003eList of Plates\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003cb\u003ex\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003cb\u003exi\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eAbbreviations\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003cb\u003exvi\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/i\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003exvii\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eVolume I\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e Establishment and Stagnancy \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 1\u003cbr\u003e Early Efforts\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e1\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Voyages till 1531\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 1\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Madagascar\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 5\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e French in Madagascar\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 10\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Colbert and France\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 13\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Madagascar and Francois Martin \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 17\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 2\u003cbr\u003e Formation of the Company\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e26\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e The Company in France\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 26\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e The Company in Motion\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 29\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Madagascar Problem\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 33\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e France and India \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 35\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 3\u003cbr\u003e Early Years in India: Establishment and Expansion\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e41\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Expeditions to India\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 41\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Francois Caron in India\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 42\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Francois Caron at Surat: Conflict\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 45\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Conflict at Masulipatnam\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 52\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Marcara Avacin: Aftermath\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 62\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Masulipatnam: Last Episode \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 65\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 4\u003cbr\u003e Problems of Survival\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e85\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Surat 1670-1672\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 85\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e La Haye and San Thome, 1672\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 91\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Pondicherry, Masulipatnam and San Thome\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 97\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Post San Thome \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 110\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 5\u003cbr\u003e New Beginnings (1675-1686)\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e123\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e The Company\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 123\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Pondicherry Since 1675\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 129\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Bijapur, Masulipatnam and Tanjore\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 135\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Surat, 1675-1686 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 152\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 6\u003cbr\u003e Prelude to Transfer to the Company of St. Malo\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e182\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e The Company, 1684-1692\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 182\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Surat, 1686-1697\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 194\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Masulipatnam and Pondicherry, 1686-1697\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 214\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Kaveripatnam, 1686-1693\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 269\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Bengal, 1673-1697 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 282\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 7\u003cbr\u003e Stagnation\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e336\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e The Company, 1697-1706\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 336\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Surat, 1698-1707\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 354\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Pondicherry, 1693-1706\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 372\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Bengal, 1697-1705 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 403\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 8\u003cbr\u003e Working of the Company of St. Malo\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e442\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e The Company, 1706-1709\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 442\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Pondicherry, 1706-1719\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 453\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Surat, 1708-1719\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 483\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Bengal, 1706-1719 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 491\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd colspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eVolume II\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cbr\u003e New Company and Expansion \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 9\u003cbr\u003e The Company of 1719\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e511\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Company of Law, 1719-1731\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 511\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Other Overseas Domains\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 520\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Overseas Commerce: Some Observations \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 524\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 10\u003cbr\u003e Road to Expansion 1719-1732\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e534\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Pondicherry, 1719-1731\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 534\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Bengal, 1720-1731\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 599\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Surat, 1720-1732\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 626\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Calicut and Mahe\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 651\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 11\u003cbr\u003e Transformation\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e698\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Administrative Structure\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 698\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Pondicherry, 1727-1739\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 704\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Surat, 1733-1738\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 726\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Mahe, 1730-1739\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 752\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Karikkal, 1738-1739 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 778\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 12\u003cbr\u003e Dupleix in Bengal: The Last Flicker, 1732-1739\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e805\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Dupleix in the Company, (Pre-Bengal Phase)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 805\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Coastal Trade, Murshidabad and European Companies\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 812\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Chandernagore: Problems\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 820\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e New Establishments and Relation with Murshidabad\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 860\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Nadir Shah and the French: New Alignments \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 911\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Chapter 13\u003cbr\u003e Denouement\u003c\/center\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e953\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 1666-1719\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 953\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 1719-1739 \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e 967\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eAppendices 1-20\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003cb\u003e993\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eBibliography\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003cb\u003e1044\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003ci\u003eIndex\u003c\/i\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003cb\u003e1053\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/tbody\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cfont color=\"red\" size=\"5\"\u003eSample Pages\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cfont color=\"red\" size=\"5\"\u003eVol-I\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/ide248b.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/ide248c.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cfont color=\"red\" size=\"5\"\u003eVol-II\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/ide248d.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books\/ide248e.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003chr color=\"black\" noshade size=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e Free Shipping. Delivered by \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/fedex.gif\"\u003e to all international destinations within 3 to 5 days, fully insured.\u003c\/center\u003e \u003chr color=\"black\" noshade size=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Occultnthings","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44619246534957,"sku":"IDE248","price":130.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/2094\/2117\/products\/ide248.jpg?v=1677757152","url":"https:\/\/occultnthings.com\/products\/merchant-and-state-french-in-india-1666-1739-2-volumes-ide248","provider":"Occult-N-Things","version":"1.0","type":"link"}