{"product_id":"illustrated-cultural-history-of-india-nai143","title":"The Illustrated Cultural History of India","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Specification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003ctable\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eItem Code:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eNAI143\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pt\/book-author\/a%20l%20basham\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"A.L. Basham\"\u003eA.L. Basham\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/pt\/book-publisher\/oxford%20university%20press%20new%20delhi\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Oxford University Press, New Delhi\"\u003eOxford University Press, New Delhi\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eEnglish\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eEdition:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e2014\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eISBN:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e9780195691924\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePages:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e310 (Throughout B\/W Illustrations)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eCover:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003ePaperback\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eOther Details\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-dimensions\"\u003e9.0 inch x 6.0 inch\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eWeight\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-weight\"\u003e430 gm\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"product-details-description\" 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priority=\"9\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"heading 4\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"9\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"heading 5\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"9\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"heading 6\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"9\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"heading 7\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"9\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"heading 8\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"9\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"heading 9\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"39\" name=\"toc 1\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"39\" name=\"toc 2\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"39\" name=\"toc 3\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"39\" name=\"toc 4\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"39\" name=\"toc 5\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"39\" name=\"toc 6\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"39\" name=\"toc 7\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"39\" name=\"toc 8\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"39\" name=\"toc 9\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"35\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"caption\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"10\" semihidden=\"false\" unhidewhenused=\"false\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"Title\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"1\" name=\"Default Paragraph Font\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception 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6\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"70\" semihidden=\"false\" unhidewhenused=\"false\" name=\"Dark List Accent 6\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"71\" semihidden=\"false\" unhidewhenused=\"false\" name=\"Colorful Shading Accent 6\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"72\" semihidden=\"false\" unhidewhenused=\"false\" name=\"Colorful List Accent 6\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"73\" semihidden=\"false\" unhidewhenused=\"false\" name=\"Colorful Grid Accent 6\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"19\" semihidden=\"false\" unhidewhenused=\"false\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"Subtle Emphasis\"\u003e\u003c\/lsdexception\u003e \u003clsdexception locked=\"false\" priority=\"21\" semihidden=\"false\" unhidewhenused=\"false\" qformat=\"true\" name=\"Intense 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\u003c!--[if gte mso 10]\u003e \u003cstyle\u003e \/* Style Definitions *\/ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:\"Table Normal\"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:\"\"; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:\"Times New Roman\",\"serif\";} table.MsoTableGrid {mso-style-name:\"Table Grid\"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-priority:59; mso-style-unhide:no; border:solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-border-insideh:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:\"Times New Roman\",\"serif\";} \u003c\/style\u003e \u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e \u003cshapedefaults v:ext=\"edit\" spidmax=\"4098\"\u003e\u003c\/shapedefaults\u003e \u003c\/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003c!--[if gte mso 9]\u003e\u003cxml\u003e \u003cshapelayout v:ext=\"edit\"\u003e \u003cidmap v:ext=\"edit\" data=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/idmap\u003e \u003c\/shapelayout\u003e\u003c\/xml\u003e\u003c![endif]--\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"WordSection1\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:18.5pt\"\u003eAbout the Book\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:18.5pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eIn this book, scholars of India's past provide an engaging yet informed account of its cultural history. Adapted from the classic work \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style: italic\"\u003eA Cultural History \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt\"\u003eof \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eIndia, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003ethis illustrated edition makes the rich history of Indian art, architecture, philosophy, religion, music, and literature available to a wider audience, including young readers.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eDivided into three sections, the book dwells on various phases of India's cultural development-from ancient times beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization to the medieval period dominated by the Muslim dynasties, and finally the advent and ultimate demise of British rule in India.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eEngaging and easy-to-read, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eThe Illustrated Cultural History \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt\"\u003eof \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eIndia \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003espans over 4000 years and will captivate anybody interested in exploring and preserving the richness and diversity of India's cultural history.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:18.5pt\"\u003eAbout the Author\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:18.5pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.5pt\"\u003eA.L. Basham \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e(1914-86), one of the world's foremost scholars of Indian culture and religion, was one of the Directors of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. He was also President of the 28th International Congress of \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eOrientalists\u003c\/span\u003e and President of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. His major works include \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eA Cultural History \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eof \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style: italic\"\u003eIndia \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e(OUP 1975), \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eThe Origins and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eDeveiopment\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eof \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eClassical Hinduism \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e(OUP 1997), and \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eThe Wonder that was India \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e(1967).\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eCover \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003ephotograph: Portrait \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eof a \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003ekathakali\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e dancer, village of Cochin backwaters region, Kerala; courtesy \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMediacolor's\u003c\/span\u003e\/ \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eAlamy\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 18.5pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:21.0pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:21.0pt\"\u003ePublisher's Note\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:21.0pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt\"\u003eThe illustrated Cultural History \u003cspan style=\"mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eof India \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eis an adapted version of the c\\a~~\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eic\u003c\/span\u003e \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eA Cultural History \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eof \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.5pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eIndia \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eedited by A.L. Basham first published by OUP in 1975 and available to readers even today. This edition has been developed with the aim of bringing the knowledge of Indian history and culture to a much wider audience, including young readers. The book explores a vast, complex, and often controversial span of history imaginatively and accessibly. A part of the Oxford India illustrated Collection that brings together writings of enduring value, this book combines the rich content of the original volume with complementary visuals to capture the interest of younger readers who may associate history with 'boring details about the past'. Teachers, parents, and general readers will find it a useful aid in understanding and explaining India's past.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eDivided into three sections, the book covers all phases of India's cultural development from the ancient times to its rebirth as an independent nation. The first section traces 'The Ancient Heritage' of \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003ethe country, beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and moves on to analyse the influence of the early Aryans and the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eAshokan\u003c\/span\u003e and Gupta periods. It traces the developments that took place in the fields of philosophy, literature, art and architecture, and music in this period. 'The Age of Muslim Dominance', the second section of the book, traces the rule of Muslim dynasties and their influence on Indian architecture. It also chronicles the rise of Islam and Sikhism, and the advent of medieval Indian miniature painting. The final section titled 'Challenge and Response-The Coming of the West' traces the period from the coming of the British to the Indian subcontinent to the ultimate demise of British supremacy.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eCombining the best scholarship on the subject with lucid text, appealing visuals, and an easy-to-read format, this edition will, we ho inform a wide range of readers.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eThe Publisher would like to thank the institutions and individual who supported the idea of opening up the cultural wealth of India to wider audience by providing visual material for the project.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:18.5pt\"\u003eIntroduction\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:18.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt\"\u003eTHERE ARE FOUR MAIN CRADLES \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eof civilization, from which elements of culture have spread to other parts of the world. These are, moving from east to west, China, the Indian subcontinent, the 'Fertile Crescent', and the Mediterranean, especially Greece and Italy. Of these four areas India deserves a larger share of the credit than she is usually given, because, on a minimal assessment, she has deeply affected the religious life of most of Asia and has provided very important elements in the culture of the whole of South East Asia, as well as extending her influence, directly and indirectly, to other parts of the world.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eIt has been commonly believed in the West that before the impact of European learning, science, and technology 'the East' changed little, if at all, over many centuries. The 'wisdom of the East', unchanging over the millennia, it was thought, preserved eternal verities which Western civilization had almost forgotten. On the other hand, 'the East' was not ready to enter into the rough and rumble of the modern world without the guidance for an indefinite period of more developed Western countries.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eIn fact India has always been steadily changing. The civilization of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eGuptas\u003c\/span\u003e was different from that of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMauryas\u003c\/span\u003e, and that of medieval times was different again. The Muslims altered conditions considerably, and the high flowering of Indian Muslim civilization under the four great Mughals brought yet more changes. The religious life of India, for all her 'ancient wisdom', has changed greatly over the centuries. Between the time of the early Greek philosophers and that of St Thomas Aquinas, Buddhism developed into a great religious movement in India, changed its outlook almost completely, declined, and finally sank back into the Hinduism from which it had emerged, but only after Buddhist missionaries had spread their message throughout half of Asia. The Athenian Acropolis was at least 500 years old before the first surviving Hindu stone temple was built. Some of the most popular gods of Hinduism, for instance Ganesha and Hanuman, are not attested until well after the time of Christ. Certain other features of Hinduism also, for instance the cult of the divine Rama and the complex and difficult system of physical training known as \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003ehatha\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e yoga, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eare centuries later than Christianity.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eYet the older strata of India's cultural life go back far beyond anything we have in the West. The whole of the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eRig Veda \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003ehad been composed long before the \u003cspan style=\"mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eIliad, \u003c\/span\u003eand there is hardly anything in the Old Testament in its present form which is as old even as the latest Rig Vedic hymns. Some practices and beliefs of popular Hinduism, for instance the cults of the sacred bull and the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003epi pal \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003etree, are as old as the prehistoric Harappa culture, and probably even older. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003eIn \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003efact every generation in India, for over 4000 years, has bequeathed something, if only a very little, to posterity.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eNo land on earth has such a long cultural continuity as India, since, though there were more ancient civilizations, notably in Egypt and Iraq, these were virtually forgotten by the inhabitants of those lands, and were overlaid by new intrusive cultures, until nobody remembered the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eBook \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt\"\u003eif \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003ethe Dead \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eor the \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eEpic of Gilgamesh, \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eand great kings such as \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eRamesses\u003c\/span\u003e 11 or Hammurabi were not recorded in any living tradition. Only nineteenth-century scholarship resurrected them from oblivion, and if they are now national heroes, remembered by every schoolchild in their respective lands, this is not thanks either to the historical genius or to the retentive folk memory of the countries concerned.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eOn the other hand, in India the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003ebrahman\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e still repeats in his daily worship Vedic hymns composed over \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt\"\u003e3000 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eyears ago, and tradition recalls heroic chieftains and the great battles fought by them at about the same time. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003eIn \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003erespect of the length of continuous tradition China comes second to India and Greece makes a poor third.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eThe pre- Vedic Harappa culture bequeathed to later times sacred animals and trees, the Mother Goddess, and preoccupation with personal cleanliness, and, less certainly, other aspect of Indian culture. From the Vedic Aryans came many of the gods, the Vedic hymns, some of the most important personal rituals of Hinduism, the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003epartiarchal\u003c\/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003epatrilineal\u003c\/span\u003e family system, and the horse. Later Vedic times \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e(c. 1000-600 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt\"\u003eBC) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003ebrought the passion for speculation on ultimate causes, the quest for the Absolute, the doctrine of transmigration, the search for release from the round of rebirth, and \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003emytical\u003c\/span\u003e gnosis. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003eIn \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003esocial life and material culture the same period saw the crystallization of the four classes \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003evarnas\u003c\/span\u003e) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt\"\u003eof Hindu society, the production of iron from western Asia, the domestication of the elephant, and the development of kingdoms out of tribal chieftainships.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003eIn \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003ethe following \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e300 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eyears coined money became common, and writing, known in the time of the Harappa culture and later apparently\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.5pt\"\u003eforgotten\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e, \u003cspan style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight: bold\"\u003ebecame widespread. Heterodox teachers, chief of whom was the \u003c\/span\u003eBuddha, spread new doctrines which bypassed the gods, the Vedas, and the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003ebrahmans\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e, and the area of civilization steadily expanded into the remoter parts of the subcontinent.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003ePolitical developments over the preceding period led to the first great empire of India, that of the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMauryas\u003c\/span\u003e, when for the first time most \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003esubcontinent\u003c\/span\u003e was united under a single government. This period (c. 320-185 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eBC) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eproduced the Machiavellian system of statecraft associated with the name of the minister \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eKautilya\u003c\/span\u003e, the reputed author famous \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eArthashastra\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eFrom the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMauryas\u003c\/span\u003e also come the earliest \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt\"\u003esurviving stone sculpture of India, the oldest artificial caves, and the most ancient Buddhist \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: italic\"\u003estupas\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e. \u003c\/span\u003eUnder \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eAshoka\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\"mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e(c. \u003c\/span\u003e272-232 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt\"\u003eBC) \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eBuddhism increased its influence, and was taken to Ceylon.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eThe 500 years between the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eMauryas\u003c\/span\u003e and the \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eGuptas\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan style=\"mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e(c. \u003c\/span\u003e184 \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt\"\u003eBC- \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:7.0pt\"\u003eAD \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e320) saw tremendous developments in Indian civilization, partly due to fresh influences brought in by various invader and traders, and partly the result of internal developments. \u003cspan class=\"GramE\"\u003efew\u003c\/span\u003e forms of devotional religion emerged, centring on the gods Vishnu and Shiva, and these led to the composition of the Bhagavad Gita, now the most influential text of Hinduism. Buddhi m developed a theology, the Mahayana, which was carried to China. Schools of law appeared, codifying in written form earlier traditions. The two great epics of India, the Mahabharata and the Ramayana, were edited in something like their present form. Courtly literature began developing out of vanished prototypes: drama, ranging from the heroic to the sentimental, and verse, wonderful in its polish and ingenuity yet often filled with deep and sincere feeling. Logically reasoned philosophical schools emerged, as distinct from the older religious teachers, most of whose arguments were analogical. Contact with South East Asia became closer with the spread of trade, and that region began to adopt many features of the religion and culture of India. These are only a few of the many innovations of this, perhaps the most formative period of Indian history before the nineteenth century.\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:18.5pt\"\u003eContents\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:18.5pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" class=\"MsoTableGrid\" style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-yfti-tbllook:1184;mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:none;mso-border-insidev:none\"\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003ePublisher's Note\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003evii\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:1\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eIntroduction\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e1\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:2\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003ePART I: The Ancient Heritage\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003e13\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:3\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eThe Indus Civilization\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e23\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:4\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eThe Early Aryans\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e32\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:5\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eAshokan\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e India and the Gupta Age\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e53\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:6\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eMedieval Hindu India\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e65\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:7\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eAncient Indian Religions Philosophy\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e85\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:8\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eClassical Literature\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e103\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:9\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eEarly Art and Architecture\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e119\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:10\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:6.5pt\"\u003eMusic\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:6.5pt\"\u003e134\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:11\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp align=\"center\" class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:center\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003ePART II: The Age of Muslim Dominance\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:12\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eMuslim Architecture in India\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e153\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:13\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eM\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eedieval Hindu \u003cspan class=\"SpellE\"\u003eDevotionalism\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e174\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:14\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eIslam in Medieval India\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e188\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:15\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eSikhism\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e201\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:16\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eMedieval Indian Miniature Painting\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003e211\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:17\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003ePART \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.0pt\"\u003eIII: \u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eChallenge and Response-The Coming of the West\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:18\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eThe Mughals and the British\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e225\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:19\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eHindu Religious and Social Reform in British India\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e235\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:20\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eThe Nationalist Movement\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e255\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:21\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003eModern Literature\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:9.5pt\"\u003e276\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:22\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eList \u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt\"\u003eof \u003cspan style=\"mso-bidi-font-style: italic\"\u003eContributors\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e299\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr style=\"mso-yfti-irow:23;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes\"\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:312.45pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"417\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003eAcknowledgements\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd style=\"width:30.8pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt\" valign=\"top\" width=\"41\"\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e301\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/tbody\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e \u003cp class=\"Style\" style=\"text-align:justify\"\u003e \u003cspan style=\"font-size:13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-style:italic\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e \u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cfont size=\"5\" color=\"RED\"\u003eSample Pages\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143a.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143b.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143c.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143d.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143e.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143f.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143g.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143h.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143i.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143j.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143k.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143l.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143m.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143n.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143o.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nai143p.jpg\"\u003e\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Occultnthings","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44613037031725,"sku":"NAI143","price":30.4,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/2094\/2117\/products\/nai143.jpg?v=1677706512","url":"https:\/\/occultnthings.com\/pt\/products\/illustrated-cultural-history-of-india-nai143","provider":"Occult-N-Things","version":"1.0","type":"link"}