{"product_id":"herbal-drugs-and-pharmacognosy-monographs-on-commercially-important-medicinal-plants-of-nepal-nam706","title":"Herbal Drugs and Pharmacognosy (Monographs on Commercially Important Medicinal Plants of Nepal)","description":"\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Specification\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003ctable\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eItem Code:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eNAM706\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eAuthor:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/sa\/book-author\/sangeeta%20rajbhandary%20and%20sailesh%20ranjitkar\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Sangeeta Rajbhandary and Sailesh Ranjitkar\"\u003eSangeeta Rajbhandary and Sailesh Ranjitkar\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e\u003ca href=\"\/sa\/book-publisher\/ethnobotanical%20society%20of%20nepal\" class=\"underlined\" title=\"Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal\"\u003eEthnobotanical Society of Nepal\u003c\/a\u003e\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eLanguage:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003eEnglish\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eEdition:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e2006\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eISBN:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e9789994698915\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003ePages:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e182 (83 B\/W \u0026amp; 68 Color Illustrations)\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eCover:\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003ePaperback\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eOther Details\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-dimensions\"\u003e8.5 inch x 5.5 inch\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd class=\"product-details-specifications-label has-text-grey-dark\"\u003eWeight\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd rel=\"product-weight\"\u003e370 gm\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003ch2 class=\"title is-size-3-desktop is-size-5-touch has-text-centered product-details-description-title\"\u003eBook Description\u003c\/h2\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"product-details-description\" style=\"max-height: 63rem; overflow-y: auto;\"\u003e\n\u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eForeword\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e It has been universally accepted that medicinal plants are one of the major sources of herbal drugs, which are being popular in the global market due to its comparatively cheaper price and virtually no side-effects. The use of excessive adulterants, improper processing during drug preparation, and lack of proper knowledge on its chemical constituents and its efficacies against the targeted diseases, are few common problems in identifying potential, genuine and effective drugs. Research on phytochemical screening and bioassay of potential medicinal plants are underway throughout the world, leading to discovery of new potential chemicals and noble herbal drugs. Majority of the marginalized communities and ethnic groups of Nepal are utilizing invaluable medicinal plant resources as the only source of crude herbal drugs for curing severe illness and disorders since ages.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e On behalf of the Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal (ESON) and myself, I'm delighted to congratulate authors of the book, Ms. Sangeeta Rajbhandary (Lecturer, Central Department of Botany, T.U., and Treasurer of ESON) and Mr. Sailesh Ranjitkar (former Taxonomy student of CDB\/TU, and Office Secretary of ESON) for their significant contribution in writing this book. ESON is privileged to publish this book, which I believe, would be useful to the students of medicine especially Pharmacy, Ayurveda, and Herbal practitioners. The book will be certainly useful to the government agencies, traders, chemists, foresters, and botanists, who deals with the identification of the medicinal plants in crude and powdered form of drugs that are available in the markets.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e One of the most important aspects of the book is illustrative accounts of the macroscopic and microscopic characters of the commercially useful parts and powdered drugs, with notes on ethnobotanical use and pharmaceutical aspects of the medicinal plants used as herbal drugs. Special emphasis is given on the pharmacognosy of some common herbal drugs widely used in Ayurvedic medicine and herbal preparations. The book also covers important information on the history of medicinal plants and herbal medicine, laboratory techniques for the pharmacognostic study, processing of herbal drugs, commercial aspects, certification, and government regulations related to herbal drugs, etc. Similarly, major focus is given on the monographs of 30 commercially important medicinal plants.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Of the 30 species of medicinal plants described here, 16 species belongs to the high priority species for conservation proposed by the Nepal Government's Herbs \u0026amp; NTFP Coordination Committee, 8 species of IUCN Threat categories, and three species belongs to CITES appendix list. Therefore, selection of the 30 species of medicinal plants seems to be quite justified from the conservation points of view. Several of these are threatened due to high demand in trade, unsustainable harvesting and utilization resulting in to loss of natural habitats and significant decrease in their population. Few species described in the book are already in cultivation, and few are in the process of domestication. Thus, this is the high time to encourage local communities, especially the marginalized and poor people, in the large-scale cultivation of high value medicinal plants as alternative source of income. In addition to this, people's participation should be enhanced in the processing, trade, and manufacture of herbal drugs.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e I'm delighted to thank the authors for their kind consent to publish the book by Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal. Special thanks are due to Mr. Ishwor Raj Rajbhandary for his invaluable financial support, without which it would not have been possible to bring out the book on time.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003ePreface\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e The worldwide interest in the herbal remedy and the demand for herbal drugs has significantly increased in the recent years. These interests in herbal drugs have led to rapid increase in research of the international community in the field of medicinal plants, especially through documentation of the indigenous knowledge, ethno-medical-botany, and ethno-pharmacology.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Another important aspect of the global demand in the herbal drugs is tremendous rise in the market value for the drugs and herbal products. With ever growing commercialization the number of user of herbal drugs are also increasing. According to, WHO the number of reports of patients experiencing negative health consequences caused by the use of herbal medicines has also been increasing. There are a variety of reasons for such problems like improper administration of drug, taking drug in large and undefined quantity. Beside these, one of the major causes of such adverse effect is directly related with the poor quality of herbal medicines, including adultery raw materials. This clearly shows the insufficient attention toward the quality assurance of the herbal drugs.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Quality assurance and quality control is very essential for the safety and efficacy of any kind of drug products. For safe and effective use authentication of the source of herbal drugs is very essential. In the process of authentication of the herbal drugs the taxonomic study of the source medicinal plants, detail study of the isolated plant parts and its histological features, study of powdered form of drugs and chemical test are carried out. All these techniques are studied under the Pharmacognosy.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e This book presents pharmacognostic tools for the authentication of the herbal drugs along with historical development of Pharmacognosy. Another attractive feature of the book is presentation of monographs on 30 commercially important and highly traded herbal drugs of Nepal. In addition, this book is intended to help the pharmacy student, as phamacognosy is one important subject in the Pharmacy course, researchers from botany and pharmacy field, interested person in medicinal plants and more importantly in the authentication of the highly traded herbal drugs from Nepal.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e We gratefully express our deep sense of indebtedness to Prof. Dr. Krishna K Shrestha of the Central Department of Botany and President of Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal for his Foreward and valuable suggestions. We would also like to specially thank Dr. Damodar P. Parajuli, Act. Secretary, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation for writing the Forward.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e It's our pleasure to acknowledge our sincere thanks to Ms. Ila Shrestha, and Mr. Balak Devkota for providing us some crude materials. We are also thankful to Prof. Dr. Krishna K Shrestha, Dr. Narendra N Tiwari, Dr. Olivier Aron, Dr. Suresh K. Ghimire, Ms. Ila Shrestha, Mr. Abraham L Thomas, Mr. Suresh Subedi, Mr. Rohan P. Gorkhali and Mr. Lil Jung Gurung, for being generous in allowing us to use their photographs and Mr. Mohan P. Amatya and Dr. Suresh K Ghimire for their valuable suggestion. We would also like to thank Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine section for providing us a sample of Phytosanitary Certificate.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e We are also extremely grateful to the Central Department of Botany for providing necessary facilities to carry out the laboratory work. Special thanks are to Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal for publishing and to Mr. Ishwor Raj Rajbhandary for the financial support.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e We extend our special gratitude to our respected parents for their inspiration, strong support and perpetual kind cooperation.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Finally, our sincere thanks goes to all our well wishers for their folded helps and constructive criticisms.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eIntroduction\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e Herbal medicine, sometimes referred to as Herbalism or Botanical Medicine, is the use' of herbs for their therapeutic or medicinal value. Plants are the mainstay of medicine and credited with mystical and almost supernatural powers of healing through traditional knowledge. Traditional medical systems such as Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Unani, Naturopathy, Tibetan and even the folklore medicines have served important role in the rural health care of Nepal. Owing to the poor economy, lack of modern health care and other infrastructure facilities, about 80-90 % people living in rural areas depend on traditional systems medicines (Manandhar 1999; Bhattarai 1999). Traditional medical practitioners are found in every rural villages of the country and occupy an important position in the Nepalese societies. Consequently, the people depend largely on faith healers and shamanistic treatments. In the past, sickness was viewed as a punishment from the gods and hence was treated with prayers and rituals that included what may have been considered 'magic potion' prepared from local herbs and administered as herbal drugs.\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Plants form the main ingredients of medicines in traditional systems of healing and have been the source of inspiration for several major pharmaceutical drugs. They also provided the chief remedies other than surgery and many medical theories were built around them. Therefore, plants have been one of the important sources of medicines ever since the dawn of human civilization. About 30,000 to 70,000 plants are used medicinally across the world and 80% of the world's rural people meet their needs of primary health care from such plants (Sarkar 1996; WHO 2002). Great majority of medicinal plants species are used in Folk Medicine. Traditional Medical Systems employ relatively few: 500-600 commonly in Traditional Chinese Medicine and 6000 overall (Shengji 2001); 1430 in Mongolian Medicine (Shengji 2002); 1106-3600 in Tibetan Medicine (Shengji 2001; Shengji 2002); 1250-1400 in Ayurveda (Dev 1999); 342 in Unani; and 328 in Siddha (Shiva 1996).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Not only in ancient civilizations, but in the present also the medicinal plants are equally important. In spite of tremendous developments in the field of allopathic medicine, during the 20th century plants still remains one of the major sources of drug in modern as well as traditional system throughout the world. Beneficial effects of plant based medicines and other plant based products are being rediscovered. Around 100 plant species have contributed significantly to modern drugs. The use of medicinal plants is increasing worldwide, related to the persistence and sometimes expansion of traditional medicine and a growing interest in herbal treatments. Approximately, one-third of all pharmaceuticals are of plant origin including fungi and bacteria. Over 60% of all pharmaceuticals are plant based (Evans 1996). Principal chemical constituents of many Himalayan herbs have served as an important source of synthetic drugs like taxol (Taxus wallichiana), diosgenin (Dioscorea bulbifera), podophyllotoxin (Podophyllum hexandrum), ephedrine (Ephedra gerardiana), reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina), etc (Rawal 1998).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Out of nearly 220,000 species of higher plants of the world (Wilson 1988), only a small proportion has been investigated for medicinal properties and still a smaller number yield well defined drugs. South Asian region including China and adjoining regions seems to be one of the richest centres for MAPs. Out of ca 6,500 flowering plants of Nepal, there are over 2000 species of plants with ethno-botanical importance out of which about 1,600 species of plants have been estimated to be used in traditional medicine and a majority of which awaits proper documentation. Ethno-botanical information is leading to the discovery of novel phyto-pharmaceuticals and other phyto-products. Different ethnic group within Nepal uses about 23% of flowering plants in Nepal for their medicinal properties (Shrestha et al. 2000).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Traditional medical practitioners play an important role in the health care of millions of people in the world especially in the developing countries. Most of the people do not have access to, and most cannot afford allopathic products, hence they have to rely upon the use of traditional medicines, which are mainly prepared from plants. This fact is well compiled by WHO in an inventory of medicinal plants list of over 20,000 species (WCMC 1992). As a part of the strategy to reduce financial burden on developing countries, which spends 40-50% of their total health budget on drugs, WHO currently encouraged, recommended and promoted the inclusion of herbal drugs in national health care program because such drugs are easily available, easily accessible to most people in the sense of price with compare to modem allopathic drugs and considered to be much safer than the modem synthetic drugs (Evans 1996; WHO 1998).\u003c\/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003eContents\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ctable width=\"100%\"\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd width=\"80%\"\u003e Foreword\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd width=\"20%\"\u003e i\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Preface\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e iv\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Contents\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e vi\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e List of boxes, table and chart\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e ix\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Introduction\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 1\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e History of utilization of medicinal plants\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Folk medicine - before proper civilization\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 3\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Medicinal plants in Ancient civilization and Imperial age\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 4\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Middle age to recent\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 6\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e History of medicinal plants of Nepal\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 10\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Historical Development in cultivation and technologies for Medicinal plants\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 13\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Pharmacognosy and its relation with systematic botany and other disciplines\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 14\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Techniques Followed in the Pharmacognostic Study\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Identification\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 18\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 1. Macroscopical appearance\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 20\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 2. Organoleptic characters\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 22\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 3. Microscopical appearance\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 22\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 4.Presence and absence of chemical substances\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 26\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e New pharmacognostic technique: DNA markers\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 27\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Groups of Substances and Medicinally Active Compounds Pharmacological authentication\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 28\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Preparation of Herbal drugs for medicine\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 32\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e From crude drug to modern drug\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 33\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Source of Herbal Drugs\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Cultivation of medicinal plants\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 35\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Propagation\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 39\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Processing of Herbal Drugs\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Collection\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 41\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Cleaning\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 43\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Directions for drying\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 43\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Storage\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 46\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Packaging\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 48\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Extraction\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 49\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Commercial Aspects of Herbal Drugs\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Herbal drug trade\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 50\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Associated problems during trade\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Residues in herbal drugs\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 52\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Adulteration\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 53\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Trade Control\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e \u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Certification and Phyto-sanitary certificate\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 57\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Provision of rules and regulation for medicinal plants in Nepal' 60\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 60\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Conservation\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 63\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Status and Threat to Traditional Knowledge\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 64\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Threat to Plant Diversity\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 65\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Conservation of Medicinal Plants and Associated Traditional Knowledge\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 66\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Monographs on Some Commercially Important Medicinal Plants of Nepal\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 69\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Berberis aristata DC.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 70\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 73\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Azadirachta indica A. Juss.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 76\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Cinnamomum tamala L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 80\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) DC.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 83\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Centella asiatica (L.) Urban.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 86\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Justicia adhatoda L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 89\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Bombax ceiba L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 92\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Woodfordia fruticosa L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 94\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 97\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Cassia fistula L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 100\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 102\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 104\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Phyllanthus emblica L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 107\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Piper longum L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 109\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Zanthoxylum armatum DC.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 111\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Acorus calamus L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 113\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Stemb.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 116\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Dioscorea deltoidea Wall.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 119\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Nardostachys grandijlora DC.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 122\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Neopicrorhiza scrophulariijlora (Pennell) Hong\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 124\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Rheum australe D. Don\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 127\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Aconitum ferox Wall. ex. Seringe\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 130\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Asparagus racemosus Willd.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 133\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 136\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Rauvoljia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 139\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Rubia manjith L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 142\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Eclipta prostrata L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 145\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Sida rhombifolia L.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 148\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) H. Karst.\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 151\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Acronyms and abbreviations\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 154\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e References\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 155\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Index\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 161\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd\u003e Appendix-l\u003c\/td\u003e \u003ctd\u003e 167\u003c\/td\u003e \u003c\/tr\u003e \u003c\/tbody\u003e \u003c\/table\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c\/p\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cb\u003e\u003cu\u003e\u003cfont color=\"red\" size=\"5\"\u003eSample Pages\u003c\/font\u003e\u003c\/u\u003e\u003c\/b\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nam706a.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nam706b.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nam706c.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nam706d.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nam706e.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nam706f.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nam706g.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e \u003cbr\u003e \u003ccenter\u003e \u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.exoticindia.com\/images\/products\/original\/books-2016\/nam706h.jpg\"\u003e\n\u003c\/center\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Occultnthings","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44632868225325,"sku":"NAM706","price":45.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/2094\/2117\/products\/nam706.jpg?v=1677857844","url":"https:\/\/occultnthings.com\/sa\/products\/herbal-drugs-and-pharmacognosy-monographs-on-commercially-important-medicinal-plants-of-nepal-nam706","provider":"Occult-N-Things","version":"1.0","type":"link"}